scholarly journals İtalya'nın Milli Birlik Sonrasında Osmanlı Devleti ve Balkan Siyaseti / Italy's Politics in the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire after National Unity

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Suat Zeyrek ◽  
Metin İlhan

<p><strong>Italy's Politics in the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire after National Unity</strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Italy frequently had obliged to change its policy against Ottoman Empire after setting up the national unity until the Balkan War. The setting up of Italy's political unity in a very late date like 1870 caused to be late in colonialism. But United Italy was emerging as a new global power. Even if this power was not sufficient, it accelerated the developments changing the balances. In a short time, Italy had become a considered country in the seeking of colonialism after Germany. Italy with Germany forced other western states to follow new strategies and began the first colonial enterprise with Ethiopia, but this independent country has not been able to become colonize. Italy undertook to gain a place in European politics with the Treaty of Triple Alliance in 1882. It began looking for the spreading ways in North Africa and the Balkans. In this article, I focus on that how Italy easily acquired the support of European states through its politics of territory of Ottoman Empire and process of attaining its objective.</p><p><strong>İtalya'nın Milli Birlik Sonrasında Osmanlı Devleti ve Balkan Siyaseti</strong></p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>İtalya, milli birliğini kurduktan sonra Balkan Savaşı’na kadar Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı takip ettiği politikalarında sık sık değişiklikler yapmak zorunda kalmıştı. İtalya’nın siyasi birliğini 1870 gibi çok geç tarihlerde kurması sömürgecilikte geç kalmasına neden olmuştu. Fakat birleşik İtalya yeni bir küresel güç olarak ortaya çıkıyordu. Bu güç yeterli olmasa da dengeleri değiştirecek gelişmeleri hızlandırdı. İtalya kısa bir süre içinde sömürgecilik arayışında Almanya’dan sonra dikkate alınır bir ülke oldu. Özellikle Almanya ile birlikte diğer batılı devletleri yeni stratejiler izlemeye zorladılar. İtalya ilk sömürge girişimine Habeşistan’la başlamış ancak bu bağımsız devletin koloni haline getirilmesi mümkün olmadı. İtalya 1882’de Üçlü İttifak Antlaşması ile Avrupa siyasetinde bir yer edinme arayışına girdi. Kuzey Afrika ve Balkanlar’da genişleme yollarını aramaya başladı. Bu makalede İtalya’nın Osmanlı topraklarına yönelik takip ettiği politikalarda Avrupalı devletlerin desteğini nasıl kolaylıkla sağladığı ve hedeflerine ulaşması süreci üzerinde durulacaktır. İtalya hem Trablusgarp hem de On iki Ada hem de Balkanlar üzerinde takip ettiği politikalarda Batılı devletlerin desteğini almada hiç zorlanmış değildi. </p>

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-165
Author(s):  
Linda T. Darling

Halil İnalcık was born in Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, into a refugee family, probably in 1916 (he did not know his birthday; in Turkey he adopted 29 May, in the US 4 July). He died at age 100 in Ankara on 25 July 2016, as the premier Ottoman historian in the world. To quote one of his students, “Professor İnalcık transformed the field of Ottoman studies from an obscure and exotic subfield into one of the leading historical disciplines that covers the history of the greater Middle East and North Africa as well as the Balkans from the late medieval to the modern period. He set the tone of debate and critical inquiry from the early modern to the modern period.” Born an Ottoman, he made Ottoman studies a crucial part of world history.


Author(s):  
Dmitar Tasić

Chapter IV is dedicated to the situation in all three countries after the Great War, that is, among theirs paramilitaries, and how they have adjusted to new realities. One big change was the fact that Ottoman Empire vanished from the Balkans, however its legacy and traditions were very alive and present. However, some of the former komitajis faced with existential difficulties begin with criminal activities such as pillaging, extortion, kidnapping and smuggling. It also shows how Yugoslav army and Gendarmerie slowly but surely started to coordinate their activities with civil authorities in order to prevent incursions of IMRO komitajis and Albanian kachak’s. Chapter analyses to what extent extraordinary measures that were introduced helped in suppression of two different security challenges as well as what were the answers of individuals and organizations. Most notable were office of the Commissar for Southern Regions and Organization against the Bulgarian Bandits. For the short time of its work office of the Commissar was given extraordinary authorisation and mechanisms for coordination between different agencies which proved efficient in fight against IMRO komitajis and kachaks. Organization against Bulgarian Bandits was completely new paramilitary formation. Created on existing principles it in a way represented step back in efforts to modernize Yugoslav southern regions.


2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Modiano Daniel

This essay introduces the scope and aim of the Sephardic Archive Initiative at the University of California, Los Angeles. In conjunction with the Library, Special Collections, and the Alan D. Leve Center for Jewish Studies, this project seeks to locate, collect, archive, and share documents and ephemera relating to Sephardic history. With a focus on their journeys to Los Angeles and Southern California, the initiative aims to tell the stories of Jews from North Africa, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and the lands of the former Ottoman Empire. The transnational ties of Sephardic commercial, intellectual, religious, social, and family networks have produced a richly tangled web of history, which for the past century has found a thriving base in Los Angeles. The project seeks to create a hub of scholarly and communal investment, interest, and exploration of materials related to the Sephardic past.


لارك ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
فهد عويد عبد

The Balkan region in general and Romania in particular have witnessed major political developments during the First World War. Suffice it to say that the first outbreak of war began from the Balkans, namely Sarajevo, and ended in the Balkans, where the last peace treaties were signed with the surrender of Bulgaria on September 29, 1918. Years of War The Balkans were generally a theater in which the armies of the belligerents demonstrated their military capabilities. Moreover, in the same period, both sides of the conflict (the Axis Powers or the Wafd States) were struggling to obtain the support of the Balkans, including Romania, Sugary, political and economic, both on military operations or planed Supply issues or control over trade routes, and on the other side of Romania was seeking for its part to take advantage of the chance of war to the maximum extent possible to achieve the national dream of achieving political unity.


Journeys ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-153

Orhan Pamuk, Istanbul: Memories of a City Fiona SmythGerald MacLean (ed.), Re-Orienting the Renaissance. Cultural Exchanges with the East Clifford Edmund Bosworth, An Intrepid Scot. William Lithgow of Lanark’s Travels in the Ottoman Lands, North Africa and Central Europe, 1609–21 Alex Drace-FrancisDaniel Carey (ed.), Asian Travel in the Renaissance John E. Wills, Jr.Gerald M. MacLean, The Rise of Oriental Travel: English Visitors to the Ottoman Empire, 1580–1720 Felipe Fernández-ArmestoDebbie Lisle, The Global Politics of Contemporary Travel Writing Benjamin J. MullerBassam Tayara, Le Japon et les Arabes. La vision du Monde Arabe au Japon, des époques anciennes jusqu’au tournant de Meiji Elisabeth AllèsAlain Roussillon, Identité et Modernité – Les voyageurs égyptiens au Japon Bassam TayaraBenoit de L’Estoile, Federico Neiburg, and Lygia Sigaud (eds.), Empires, Nations, and Natives: Anthropology and State-Making Talal Asad


Author(s):  
N.R. Krayushkin

Abstract In the 16th and 17th centuries Ottoman Turks conquered most countries of the Middle East and North Africa and reached Vienna. As а result, the power of Istanbul was established in the heterogeneous spaces of the Mediterranean. The seized territories in Europe became part of Dar al-Islam, increasing the area of direct spread of the Arab-Muslim spiritual tradition. In this context, the journey in search for knowledge (rihla) acquired special significance it contributed to the intensification of cultural and intellectual life of the Ottoman society and establishment of its ideological unity. The author examines the materials from the treatises of Medina theologian Muhammad Kibrit, Istanbul explorer Evliya Celebi and Damascus Sufi Abd al-Ghani al-Nablusi, who travelled through the territory of the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century, to explore the main pilgrimage routes and cultural centers of the region. The goal of this article is to analyze the content of civilizational exchange and to identify basic characteristics of new Ottoman cultural experience.


Author(s):  
D.R. Zhantiev

Аннотация В статье рассматривается роль и место Сирии (включая Ливан и Палестину) в системе османских владений на протяжении нескольких веков от османского завоевания до периода правления султана Абдул-Хамида II. В течение четырех столетий османского владычества территория исторической Сирии (Билад аш-Шам) была одним из важнейших компонентов османской системы и играла роль связующего звена между Анатолией, Египтом, Ираком и Хиджазом. Необходимость ежегодной организации хаджа с символами султанской власти и покровительства над святынями Мекки и Медины определяла особую стратегическую важность сирийских провинций Османской империи. Несмотря на ряд серьезных угроз во время общего кризиса османской государственности (конец XVI начало XIX вв.), имперскому центру удалось сохранить контроль над Сирией путем создания сдержек и противовесов между местными элитами. В XIX в. и особенно в период правления Абдул- Хамида II (18761909 гг.), сохранение Сирии под османским контролем стало вопросом существования Османской империи, которая перед лицом растущего европейского давления и интервенции потеряла большую часть своих владений на Балканах и в Северной Африке. Задача укрепления связей между имперским центром и периферией в сирийских вилайетах в последней четверти XIX в. была в целом успешно решена. К началу XX в. Сирия была одним из наиболее политически спокойных и прочно связанных со Стамбулом регионов Османской империи. Этому в значительной степени способствовали довольно высокий уровень общественной безопасности, развитие внешней торговли, рост образования и постепенная интеграция местных элит (как мусульман, так и христиан) в османские государственные и социальные механизмы. Положение Сирии в системе османских владений показало, что процесс ослабления и территориальной дезинтеграции Османской империи в эпоху реформ не был линейным и наряду с потерей владений и влияния на Балканах, в азиатской части империи в течение XIX и начала XX вв. происходил параллельный процесс имперской консолидации.Abstract The article examines the role and place of Greater Syria (including Lebanon and Palestine) in the system of Ottoman possessions over several centuries from the Ottoman conquest to the period of the reign of Abdul Hamid II. For four centuries of Ottoman domination, the territory of historical Syria (Bilad al-Sham) was one of the most important components in the Ottoman system and played the role of a link between Anatolia, Egypt, Iraq and Hijaz. The need to ensure the Hajj with symbols of Sultan power and patronage over the shrines of Mecca and Medina each year determined the special strategic importance of the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Despite a number of serious threats during the general crisis of the Ottoman state system (late 16th early 19th centuries), the imperial center managed to maintain control over Syria by creating checks and balances between local elites. In the 19th century. And especially during the reign of Abdul Hamid II (18761909), keeping Syria under Ottoman control became a matter of existence for the Ottoman Empire, which, in the face of increasing European pressure and intervention, lost most of its possessions in the Balkans and North Africa. The task of strengthening ties between the imperial center and the periphery in Syrian vilayets in the last quarter of the 19th century was generally successfully resolved. By the beginning of the 20th century, Syria was one of the most politically calm and firmly connected with Istanbul regions of the Ottoman Empire. This was greatly facilitated by a fairly high level of public safety, the development of foreign trade, the growth of education and the gradual integration of local elites (both Muslims and Christians) into Ottoman state and social mechanisms. Syrias position in the system of Ottoman possessions clearly showed that the process of weakening and territorial disintegration of the Ottoman Empire during the era of reform was not linear, and along with the loss of possessions and influence in the Balkans, in the Asian part of the empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries there was a parallel process of imperial consolidation.


Though the existence of Jewish regional cultures is widely known, the origins of the most prominent groups, Ashkenaz and Sepharad, are poorly understood, and the rich variety of other regional Jewish identities is often overlooked. Yet all these subcultures emerged in the Middle Ages. Scholars contributing to the present study were invited to consider how such regional identities were fashioned, propagated, reinforced, contested, and reshaped — and to reflect on the developments, events, or encounters that made these identities manifest. They were asked to identify how subcultural identities proved to be useful, and the circumstances in which they were deployed. The resulting volume spans the ninth to sixteenth centuries, and explores Jewish cultural developments in western Europe, the Balkans, North Africa, and Asia Minor. In its own way, each chapter considers factors — demographic, geographical, historical, economic, political, institutional, legal, intellectual, theological, cultural, and even biological — that led medieval Jews to conceive of themselves, or to be perceived by others, as bearers of a discrete Jewish regional identity. Notwithstanding the singularity of each chapter, they collectively attest to the inherent dynamism of Jewish regional identities.


2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-132
Author(s):  
Murat Erdoğan ◽  
Sevgi Sökülmez-Yildirim ◽  
Nasuh Evrim Acar ◽  
Okan Kamiş

Summary Coronavirus (Covid-19), which began in China as of 2019 and spread to almost all over the world in a short time; has shown that we need to plan our life with new strategies as well as changing our current lifestyle today. While we must implement new ways to prevent against Covid-19 and maintaining our healthy lives, we must also design new strategies for returning to sports and physical activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to reveal the return strategies for professional and recreational athletes during the quarantine periods in light of evidences. In this regard, firstly we examined the existing literature regarding return strategies to sports. As a result, individual performance and personal hygiene conditions should be considered, and athletic performance should be preserved while keeping a physical distance from teammates and others. The use of masks in sports should be encouraged, but new techniques should be developed by investigating the effect on performance. Consequently, for healthy individuals, low to moderate intensity (not high-intensity) exercise may be beneficial and recommend. However, due to the risk of spreading (person-to-person or contaminated surfaces), exercise is recommended in special places with good ventilation and the use of personal types of equipment.


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