scholarly journals İznik Çini Fırınları Kazı Buluntularından Çini Örneklerin Değerlendirilmesi / Evaluation of Iznik Tiles Examples from Iznik Tile Excavation

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belgin Demirsar Arlı
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
The Road ◽  
Baked Goods ◽  
Golden Horn ◽  
New Information ◽  
Ceramic Art ◽  
Form Design ◽  
Excavation Work ◽  
Production Form

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Iznik Excavations, which deal with the historical and cultural heritage of Iznik collectively and in various aspects, are examined in two periods. First period excavations were started with the studies of Dr. Oktay Aslanapa’s Orhan İmaret and Bath. After two years studying in the Orhan Imaret,  the researches were directed on tiles and ceramics that provided the original fame to Iznik. It was aimed to identify the production centers and techniques of the Ottoman ceramics and tiles, which were named according to the places where they were bought, and to open the kilns and workshops where they were produced. With the excavation and drilling activities carried out regularly, including 1969; with the deformation and burnt fragments, semi-finished fragments, baked goods, as well as furnace residues that have collapsed while being filled inside it is proved to scientific community that while the Ottoman ceramics which are tried to be defined with names such as Miletus ware, Golden Horn ware, Damascus ware, Rhodes ware, it was defined that the main and important production center of their is İznik,</p><p>Because of the team concentrated on Van Excavation, the researches were ended in İznik 1969,  but the kiln ruins emerged during the road studies in 1980 conduced to restart of the studies with the name of II. Period and Iznik Tile Kilns Excavation in 1981.  Since 1981, three years had been devoted to drilling in a very wide area in the empty spaces.  In 1983, the regular excavations were started with the drilling activities executed in the eastern region of II. Murat Bath which was coded as BHD, also known as the Municipal Baths gives rich finds.</p><p>As a result of the excavation work concentrated on the specified area, many finds from the period in which production continued here between the conquest of the city in 1331 and the beginning of the 18th century were unearthed. Besides the confirmation of the data previously collected about Iznik tile and ceramic art, these finds contributed to obtaining new information in terms of technique/production, form, design and composition.</p><p>This studyaimstoin traduce the interesting tile finds uncovered in Iznik Excavations and to conduct and evaluation.  We will concentrate on the similarities between the tiles unearthed in the excavations and the tiles used in the Ottoman Era buildings and the pieces we know from the collections.<strong></strong></p><p> </p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>İznik’in tarihi ve kültürel mirasını toplu olarak ve çeşitli yönleriyle ele alan İznik Kazıları iki dönem halinde incelenir. I. Dönem çalışmaları Prof. Dr. Oktay Aslanapa’nın Orhan İmareti ve Hamamı Kazısı ile başlamıştır. İki sezon süren Orhan İmareti çalışmalarının ardından İznik’e asıl ününü sağlayan çini ve seramikle ilgili araştırmalara yönelinmiştir. Çalışmalarda genellikle satın alındıkları yerlere göre isimlendirilen Osmanlı seramik ve çinilerinin üretim merkezlerini ve tekniklerini tespit yanında, üretildikleri fırın ve atölyeleri de açığa çıkarmak amaçlanmıştır. 1969 yılı da dâhil olmak üzere düzenli olarak sürdürülen kazı ve sondaj çalışmalarıyla; Milet işi, Haliç işi, Şam işi, Rodos işi gibi isimlerle tanımlanmaya çalışılan Osmanlı seramik ve çinilerinin asıl ve önemli üretim merkezinin İznik olduğu, deforme ve yanık parçalar, yarı mamul fragmanlar, pişirim malzemeleri yanında içi doluyken çökmüş durumda bulunan fırın kalıntılarıyla bilim çevrelerine kanıtlanmıştır. 1969 yılından itibaren ekibin Van Kazısına ağırlık vermesi nedeniyle İznik’te son verilen araştırmalara, 1980 yılındaki yol çalışmaları sırasında ortaya çıkan fırın kalıntısının değerlendirilmesinin ardından, 1981 yılından itibaren II. Dönem ve İznik Çini Fırınları Kazısı adı ile yeniden başlanmıştır. 1981 yılından itibaren üç yıl oldukça geniş bir ekiple boş alanlardaki sondajlara ağırlık verilmiştir. 1983 yılında, BHD olarak kodladığımız Belediye Hamamı olarak da bilinen II. Murat Hamamı’nın doğusundaki alanda yapılan sondajların zengin buluntu vermesiyle düzenli kazı çalışmalarına bu bölgede başlanmıştır.</p><p>Söz konusu alanda yoğunlaşan kazı çalışmalarımız sonucunda, kentin fethedildiği 1331 yılından burada üretimin sürdüğü XVIII. yüzyıl başlarına kadar uzayan sürede İznik’te Osmanlı çini ve seramik üretiminin bütün üslup dönemlerine ait çok sayıda buluntu ele geçirilmiştir. Bu buluntular, İznik çini ve seramik sanatına ilişkin önceden bilinen bilgilerin doğrulanmasının yanı sıra teknik/üretim, form, desen ve kompozisyon açısından yeni bilgilere ulaşmamızı sağlamıştır.</p><p>Bu çalışmada, İznik Kazılarında ele geçen çini buluntuların ilgi çekicilerinin tanıtılması ve değerlendirmelerinin yapılması amaçlanmaktadır.  Kazı buluntusu çinilerin, Osmanlı Dönemi yapılarında kullanılan çiniler ve koleksiyonlardan tanınan parçalarla benzerlikleri üzerinde durulacaktır.</p>

Book Reviews: Les Chemins de fer Privés des Franches Montagnes. Naissance, Exploitation et défis d'un réseau (1892–1943) [Private Railways of the Franches Mountains. Birth, Exploitation and Challenges of a Network (1892–1943)], Das Verkehrsbuch der Schweiz. Faszinierendes und Ungewöhnliches Rund um das Thema Mobilität. Zum 50–Jahr-Jubiläum 2009 [Traffic and Transport in Switzerland. Thrilling News and Peciularities around the Topic of Mobility. Festschrift for the 50th Anniversary of the Swiss Transport Museum], Automatisierung, Schnellverkehr und Modernisierung bei den SBB 1955 bis 2005 [The Railroad of the Future: Automation, Rapid Transit and Modernization in the SBB, 1955 to 2005], La Bataille de la Route [The Battle for the Road], per Rickheden, Världens Nordligaste spårväg. Till 100–årsminnet av Kirunas spårvägar [The World's Northernmost Tram. To Commemorate the 100th Anniversary of the Kiruna Tram System], Die Moderne Straße. Planung, Bau und Verkehr vom 18. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert [The Modern Road. Planning, Building and Traffic from 18th Century to the 20th Century, Palm Oil and Small Chop, Airborne Dreams: ‘Niseir’ Stewardesses and Pan American World Airways, Railroads in the African American Experience: A Photographic Journey, Fahren und Fliegen in Krieg und Frieden. Kulturen Individueller Mobilitätsmaschinen 1880–1930 [Driving and Flying in Peace and War. Cultures of Individual Mobility Machines], Radelnde Nationen: Die Geschichte des Fahrrads in Deutschland und den Niederlanden bis 1940 [Cycling Nations. History of the Bicycle in Germany and the Netherlands until 1940], Sometimes Eagle's Wings: The Saga of Aéropostale, the Quest for Speed

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-235
Author(s):  
Etienne Auphan ◽  
Anne Ebert ◽  
Alfred Gottwaldt ◽  
Massimo Moraglio ◽  
Martin Schiefelbusch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
The Road ◽  
American Experience ◽  
Road Planning ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pan American ◽  
Peace And War

Information content in the rainfall observed by INSAT-3D and IMERG: An intercomparison study over the north eastern region of India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniket Chakravorty ◽  
Shyam Sundar Kundu ◽  
Penumetcha Lakshmi Narasa Raju
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Permutation Entropy ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Redundant Information ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Wavelet Entropy ◽  
Rainfall Prediction ◽  
The North ◽  
New Information ◽  
North Eastern

&lt;p&gt;There has been a noticeable increase in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in various areas, in the recent past. One such area is the prediction of rainfall over a region. This application has seen crucial advancement with the use of deep sequential learning algorithms. This new approach to rainfall prediction has also helped increase the utilization of satellite data for prediction. As, AI based prediction algorithms are based on data, the characteristics of it dominates the accuracy of the prediction. And one such characteristic is the information content in the data being used. This information content is classified into redundant information (information of past states in the current state) and new information. The performance of the AI based rainfall prediction depends on the amount of redundant information present in the data being used for training the AI model, more the redundant information (less the new information content) more accurate will be the prediction. Various entropy based measure have been used to quantify the new information content in the data, like permutation entropy, sample entropy, wavelet entropy, etc. This study uses a new measure called the Wavelet Entropy Energy Measure (WEEM). One of the advantages of WEEM is that it considers the dynamics of the process spread across different time scales, which other information measures have not considered explicitly. Since, the dynamics of rainfall is multi-scalar in nature, WEEM is a suitable measure for it. The main goal of this study is to find out the amount of information being generated by INSAT-3D and IMERG rainfall at each time step over the North Eastern Region of India, which will dictate the suitability of the two rainfall product to be used for AI based rainfall prediction.&lt;/p&gt;

Metropolitan Platon (Levshin) — publicist

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-115
Author(s):  
Eduard L. Afanasyev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Educated Person ◽  
The Trinity

The article deals with the work of Metropolitan of Moscow Platon II (worldly surname — Levshin) (1737–1812), who became famous not only as an outstanding preacher of the second half of the 18th century, but also as a historical writer. The well-known facts of his life and the creative history of works receive a new sound in the context of a spiritual biography; first of all — a strong connection to the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and a deep understanding of the spiritual experience of venerable Sergius of Radonezh. A comparative analysis of the text “On the Road to Schism” (1767) and “Brief History of the Russian Church” (1805) was undertaken, illustrating the path of spiritual growth. The author is presented not just as a widely educated person, but as a hierarch, vigilantly expanding his spiritual horizon. Changes in genre priorities and lexical and stylistic features, adherence to certain literary traditions, the dominance of a national idea, proximity to Church Slavonic sources and ancient Russian literary tradition are traced. One of the key roles of the spiritual heritage of Metropolitan Platon II in the historical and literary process of the second half of the 18th century is confirmed.

The Culture of Travel in Edo-Period Japan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Goree
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Travel Literature ◽  
Publishing Industry ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Japanese Culture ◽  
Edo Period ◽  
The Road ◽  
Woodblock Printing

The expansion of travel transformed Japanese culture during the Edo period (1603–1867). After well over a century of political turmoil, unprecedented stability under Tokugawa rule established the conditions for men and women from all levels of the hierarchical society to travel safely for purposes as varied as the cultural consequences of a country increasingly on the move. Starting in the first half of the 17th century, institutionalized forms of compulsory travel for the highest-ranking samurai and a limited number of elite foreigners made for conspicuous political spectacle and prompted the Tokugawa shogunate to develop and maintain an extensive system of roads, post-towns, checkpoints, and sea routes. Prompted by the economic prosperity of the Genroku era (1688–1704) in the late 17th century, an ever-growing portion of the population, including commoners from cities and villages, took advantage of newfound leisure to embark on journeys for pilgrimage, medical treatment, and sightseeing. This change was accompanied by the expansion of tourism, which grew into a sophisticated commercial enterprise in the 18th century. Poets, writers, painters, performers, and scholars took to the road throughout the Edo period for artistic and intellectual pursuits, often as teachers or students, generating and spreading culture where they went. With an astonishing output of travel literature, guidebooks, maps, and woodblock prints featuring landscapes, a thriving commercial publishing industry, which first blossomed in the Genroku era, used woodblock printing technology to popularize travel in increasingly diverse ways. Together with such influential forms of print, the things that people wore, packed, bought, enjoyed, and rode while traveling formed a rich body of material culture that reveals the lived experience of travel for the duration of Tokugawa rule.

scholarly journals The Complex Web of Othernesses in Marcus Gardley’s Play The Road Weeps, the Well Runs Dry

Societies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus-Peter Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Indian Territory ◽  
The Road ◽  
Black Seminole ◽  
New Community ◽  
Main Component

Marcus Gardley’s play The Road Weeps, the Well Runs Dry (2013) traces the development of a Black Seminole community in the Indian Territory from 1850 to 1866, with occasional flashbacks to the days of the Seminoles’ removal from Florida. Rather than positing a unified ethnicity, the action reveals a complex web of Othernesses, including characters identified as “black”, others as “full-blood Seminole”, and still others as “black and Seminole”. Given the lack of ethnic unity, the new community constructs an identity in its distinction from and enmity with the neighboring Creeks, pointing to an underlying irony since the Creeks actually represent a main component in the ethnogenesis of the Seminoles in the 18th century. By calling attention to this simulacrum of Otherness, the play questions identity formation based on difference from an Other. Finally, Christian and pagan beliefs and customs live side by side in the community and compete for dominance over it. The multiple frictions caused by inner-group disputes, external conflicts with a constructed Other and religious discord lead to outbursts of violence that threaten to tear the community apart. Only a re-integration of its component parts can save it.

Notes on the elogium of a benefactor at Pompeii

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 148-182
Author(s):  
John Bodel ◽  
Andreas Bendlin ◽  
Seth Bernard ◽  
Christer Bruun ◽  
Jonathan Edmondson
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
The Road ◽  
New Information ◽  
Present Collection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Full Discussion ◽  
The Town

The rediscovery in the summer of 2017 of a large monumental tomb of unusual form outside the Stabian Gate at Pompeii caused an immediate sensation, and the swift initial publication by M. Osanna in JRA 31 (2018) of the long funerary inscription fronting the W side of the base, facing the road, has been welcomed gratefully by the scholarly community. The text — at 183 words, by far the longest funerary inscription yet found at Pompeii — records a series of extraordinary benefactions by an unnamed local worthy, beginning with a banquet held on the occasion of his coming-of-age ceremony and continuing, it seems, well into his adult life, up to the final years of the town when the monument was built. As Osanna and others have recognized, the inscription, which seems to allude to an historical event (Tac., Ann. 14.17), the riot between Nucerians and Pompeians around Pompeii’s amphitheater in A.D. 59, provides valuable if ambivalent new information relevant to the demographic, economic and social history of Pompeii that will require full discussion in a variety of contexts over time. The present collection of remarks, a collaborative effort, is offered in the spirit of debate and is intended as an interim contribution toward a more complete understanding of the text.1

scholarly journals Infrastructure and Regional Disparity A Case Of North Eastern Region of India

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 162-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Komol Singha
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Regional Disparity ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
High Coefficient ◽  
Development Index ◽  
The Road ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Almost All

The importance of physical infrastructure in economic development, trade, employment and in reducing disparity within the country/region has been acknowledged by many scholars. With the help of Composite Development Index of infrastructure, the present study explored that the volume of infrastructure is more important than the level of inter and intra-state disparity. India’s North Eastern Region, identified as most backward region in the country, requires more physical infrastructure, especially the road and communication. Further noticed the relative variations of different indicators were same for almost all states. Those indicators having high coefficient of variation (CV) values are high for almost all the states and vice versa.

scholarly journals Smoothness of Connection of Ruled Road Surface Form Segments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Lyubchinov ◽  
Konstantin Panchuk
Keyword(s):  
Ruled Surface ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Surface Form ◽  
Map Projection ◽  
Surface Formation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Form Design ◽  
Smooth Connection ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Open Question

Since the modern systems of automated road surface form design have allowed us to abandon the two stages road axis design – the map projection and the cross projection – in favor of defining the road axis as a spatial curve in the form of parametric splines, the smoothness of connection of curves and surfaces comprising the roadway remains an open question. The authors further develop the cyclographic method in road surface formation and study the problem of smoothness of connection of ruled surfaces segments generated through the cyclographic mapping of a spatial curve. The present paper considers the aspects of smooth connection of polynomial spline curve segments and the respective cyclographic projections, as well as ruled surface segments that are directed by these curves. The results of the study allow one to pre-define the desirable order of smoothness of the connected curve segments and ruled surface segments comprising the road surface forms on the stage of road axis design and subsequent road surface formation. This fact can serve as the basis for development of CAD systems for road surface forms of general and special purpose.

An 18th-century road in Glen Arklet

2012 ◽  
Vol 34-35 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-97
Author(s):  
Jürgen Van Wessel
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Road Building ◽  
The Road ◽  
Forestry Commission ◽  
Topographic Survey ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Military ◽  
Later Phase

This paper reports on a recent programme of archaeological works on an 18th century road in Glen Arklet, Buchanan Parish, Stirling. The work was undertaken by Headland Archaeology in 2010–11 on behalf of Forestry Commission Scotland. A detailed topographic survey and four test trenches revealed at least two phases of construction, and signs of ongoing maintenance. In combination with the results of earlier fieldwork and a fresh review of literary evidence, it is argued that at least the later phase was likely to have been built by the military in the first half of the 18th century to improve communications to the Garrison of Inversnaid. However, the road was neither designed nor constructed as part of the Wade/Caulfield network, and demonstrates that smaller scale road building was undertaken by the military during the first half of the 18th century.

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