scholarly journals Determinants of acute mortality ofHippodamia convergens(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to ultra-low volume permethrin used for mosquito management

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K.D. Peterson ◽  
Collin J. Preftakes ◽  
Jennifer L. Bodin ◽  
Christopher R. Brown ◽  
Alyssa M. Piccolomini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Field Bioassay ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Mosquito Management ◽  
Low Volume

There are relatively few experimental studies and risk assessments of the effects on non-target insects from ultra-low volume (ULV) insecticides used for management of adult mosquitoes. Therefore, we evaluated factors that may influence the ability of an insect to intercept the insecticide at the time of application by usingHippodamia convergens(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in field bioassay experiments in 2011 and 2015. Treatment factors included different distances, two cage heights (ground-level and 1.5 m above ground) to the point of the application, and covered vs. uncovered cage faces (2015 only). Insecticides used included a water-based formulation (Aqua-Reslin®) and an oil-based formulation (Permanone® 30-30) of permethrin. Cage height was highly significant both years, with much less acute (i.e., short-term exposure) mortality at ground-level compared with 1.5 m. In 2011, acute mortality was less at ground-level (mean = 3.2%, median = 0%) compared to 1.5 m (mean = 85.2%, median = 100%). Cage type also was highly significant, with less mortality in covered cages compared to uncovered cages. Mortality by cage height and cage type was as follows: ground level, covered cage (mean = 2.8%, median = 0.1%); ground level, uncovered cage (mean = 41.9%, median = 9.6%); 1.5 m, covered cage (mean = 6.8%, median = 0%); 1.5 m, uncovered cage (mean = 83.7%, median = 100%). Results suggest that acute mortality to non-target insects may vary considerably based on their height and their ability to directly intercept the insecticide as the aerosol passes through the area being sprayed.

scholarly journals Short-Term Effect of Air Pollution on Tuberculosis Based on Kriged Data: A Time-Series Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuqiong Huang ◽  
Hao Xiang ◽  
Wenwen Yang ◽  
Zhongmin Zhu ◽  
Liqiao Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Aerodynamic Diameter ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
The Impact

Tuberculosis (TB) has a very high mortality rate worldwide. However, only a few studies have examined the associations between short-term exposure to air pollution and TB incidence. Our objectives were to estimate associations between short-term exposure to air pollutants and TB incidence in Wuhan city, China, during the 2015–2016 period. We applied a generalized additive model to access the short-term association of air pollution with TB. Daily exposure to each air pollutant in Wuhan was determined using ordinary kriging. The air pollutants included in the analysis were particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5), PM with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 micrometers (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ground-level ozone (O3). Daily incident cases of TB were obtained from the Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hubei CDC). Both single- and multiple-pollutant models were used to examine the associations between air pollution and TB. Seasonal variation was assessed by splitting the all-year data into warm (May–October) and cold (November–April) seasons. In the single-pollutant model, for a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, PM10, and O3 at lag 7, the associated TB risk increased by 17.03% (95% CI: 6.39, 28.74), 11.08% (95% CI: 6.39, 28.74), and 16.15% (95% CI: 1.88, 32.42), respectively. In the multi-pollutant model, the effect of PM2.5 on TB remained statistically significant, while the effects of other pollutants were attenuated. The seasonal analysis showed that there was not much difference regarding the impact of air pollution on TB between the warm season and the cold season. Our study reveals that the mechanism linking air pollution and TB is still complex. Further research is warranted to explore the interaction of air pollution and TB.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal assessment of health burden and economic losses attributable to short-term exposure to ground-level ozone during 2015–2018 in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zihan Zhang ◽  
Minghong Yao ◽  
Wenjing Wu ◽  
Xing Zhao ◽  
Juying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ozone Pollution ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ground Level Ozone ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution is currently the one of the severe environmental problems in China. Although existing studies have quantified the O3-related health impact and economic loss, few have focused on the acute health effects of short-term exposure to O3 and have been limited to a single temporal and spatial dimension. Methods Based on the O3 concentration obtained from ground monitoring networks in 334 Chinese cities in 2015–2018, this study used a two-stage exposure parameter weighted Log-linear exposure-response function to estimate the cause-specific mortality for short-term exposure to O3. Results The value of statistical life (VSL) method that were used to calculate the economic loss at the city-level. Our results show that in China, the national all-cause mortality attributed to O3 was 0.27(95% CI: 0.14–0.55) to 0.39 (95% CI: 0.20–0.67) million across 2015–2018. The estimated economic loss caused by O3 was 387.76 (95% CI: 195.99–904.50) to 594.08 (95% CI: 303.34–1140.65) billion CNY, accounting for 0.52 to 0.69% of total reported GDP. Overall, the O3 attributed health and economic burden has begun to decline in China since 2017. However, highly polluted areas still face severe burden, and undeveloped areas suffer from high GDP losses. Conclusions There are substantial health impacts and economic losses related to short-term O3 exposure in China. The government should pay attention to the emerging ozone pollution, and continue to strengthen the intervention in traditional priority areas while solving the pollution problem in non-priority areas.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Assessment of Health Burden and Economic Losses attributable to short-term exposure to Ozone During 2015 - 2018 in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zihan Zhang ◽  
Minghong Yao ◽  
Wenjing Wu ◽  
Xing Zhao ◽  
Juying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ozone Pollution ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
The Government

Abstract Ground-level Ozone (O3) pollution is currently the one of the severe environmental problem in China. Although existing studies have quantified the O3-related health impact and economic loss, few have focused on the acute health effects of short-term exposure to O3 and have been limited to a single temporal and spatial dimension. Based on the O3 concentration obtained from ground monitoring networks in 334 Chinese cities in 2015 - 2018, this study used a two-stage exposure parameter weighted Log-linear exposure-response function to estimate the cause-specific mortality for short-term exposure to O3. The value of statistical life (VSL) method that were used to calculate the economic loss at the city-level. Our results show that in China, the national all-cause mortality attributed to O3 was 0.18 (95% CI: 0.09 - 0.36) to 0.26 (95% CI: 0.13 - 0.45) million across 2015 - 2018. The estimated economic loss caused by O3 was 253.83 (95% CI: 128.44 - 590.96) to 397.09 (95% CI: 203.54 - 759.27) billion CNY, accounting for 0.34% to 0.46% of total reported GDP. Overall, the O3 attributed health and economic burden has begun to decline in China since 2017. However, highly polluted areas still face severe burden, and undeveloped areas suffer from high GDP losses. There are substantial health impacts and economic losses related to short-term O3 exposure in China. The government should pay attention to the emerging Ozone pollution, and continue to strengthen the intervention in traditional priority areas while solving the pollution problem in non-priority areas.

Short-Term Improvements To Increase Capacity of Highly Congested Mainline Toll Plazas in Puerto Rico

1997 ◽  
Vol 1603 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos I. Pesquera ◽  
Sergio L. González ◽  
Benjamín Colucci ◽  
Carlos M. Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Public Image ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Toll Plazas ◽  
Low Volume

In 1993 the Department of Transportation and Public Works of Puerto Rico (DTPW) implemented toll gates at expressway toll collection plazas because of significant losses in revenue caused by failure of motorists to pay the established fee. However, it was presumed that the use of toll gates as an enforcement device for effective traffic control might create additional delays, particularly during peak hours in already highly congested toll plazas near metropolitan areas. The lack of additional open space to expand the existing toll facilities combined with the negative public image associated with high levels of congestion, attributed to implementation of the toll gates, triggered the need to explore cost-effective, short-term alternative solutions. DTPW efforts to address the issues of congestion and negative public image in the highly congested toll facilities are described. A series of experimental studies were performed to assess the effectiveness of toll gates and automatic vehicle identification (AVI) technology in increasing the capacity of low-volume and highly congested toll facilities. The findings were analyzed for significant differences in delays and for potential changes in driver behavior that could assist in mitigating delays at the toll plazas. The results of the first study revealed that the implementation of toll gates creates additional delays for users. The second study found that AVI technology is fast, efficient, and reliable in the detection of vehicles when used in low-volume toll plazas; however, it is not efficient in highly congested toll plazas because of the additional delays generated from the queue. In the third study it was demonstrated that the use of ushers to collect coins from drivers and deposit them in the toll basket resulted in a significant increase in capacity at toll plaza stations, time savings, and fuel economy for users.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Assessment of Health Burden and Economic Losses attributable to short-term exposure to Ozone During 2015 - 2018 in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zihan Zhang ◽  
Minghong Yao ◽  
Wenjing Wu ◽  
Xing Zhao ◽  
Juying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ozone Pollution ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
The Government

Abstract Ground-level Ozone (O3) pollution is currently the main severe environmental problem in China. Although existing studies have quantified the O3-related health impact and economic loss, few have focused on the acute health effects of short-term exposure to O3 and have been limited to a single temporal and spatial dimension. Based on the O3 concentration obtained from ground monitoring networks in 334 Chinese cities in 2015 - 2018, this study used a two-stage exposure parameter weighted Log-linear exposure-response function to estimate the cause-specific mortality for short-term exposure to O3. The value of statistical life (VSL) method that were used to calculate the economic loss at the city-level. Our results show that in China, the national all-cause mortality attributed to O3 was 0.18 (95% CI: 0.09 - 0.36) to 0.26 (95% CI: 0.13 - 0.45) million across 2015 - 2018. The estimated economic loss caused by O3 was 253.83 (95% CI: 128.44 - 590.96) to 397.09 (95% CI: 203.54 - 759.27) billion CNY, accounting for 0.34% to 0.46% of total reported GDP. Overall, the O3 attributed health and economic burden has begun to decline in China since 2017. However, highly polluted areas still face severe burden, and undeveloped areas suffer from high GDP losses. There are substantial health impacts and economic losses related to short-term O3 exposure in China. The government should pay attention to the emerging Ozone pollution, and continue to strengthen the intervention in traditional priority areas while solving the pollution problem in non-priority areas.

The Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on In Vitro Platelet Function

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (01) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Schiffer ◽  
Caroline L. Whitaker ◽  
Morton Schmukler ◽  
Joseph Aisner ◽  
Steven L. Hilbert
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Platelet Volume ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Structural Abnormalities

SummaryAlthough dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been used extensively as a cryopreservative for platelets there are few studies dealing with the effect of DMSO on platelet function. Using techniques similar to those employed in platelet cryopreservation platelets were incubated with final concentrations of 2-10% DMSO at 25° C. After exposure to 5 and 10% DMSO platelets remained discoid and electron micrographs revealed no structural abnormalities. There was no significant change in platelet count. In terms of injury to platelet membranes, there was no increased availability of platelet factor-3 or leakage of nucleotides, 5 hydroxytryptamine (5HT) or glycosidases with final DMSO concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10% DMSO. Thrombin stimulated nucleotide and 5HT release was reduced by 10% DMSO. Impairment of thrombin induced glycosidase release was noted at lower DMSO concentrations and was dose related. Similarly, aggregation to ADP was progressively impaired at DMSO concentrations from 1-5% and was dose related. After the platelets exposed to DMSO were washed, however, aggregation and release returned to control values. Platelet aggregation by epinephrine was also inhibited by DMSO and this could not be corrected by washing the platelets. DMSO-plasma solutions are hypertonic but only minimal increases in platelet volume (at 10% DMSO) could be detected. Shrinkage of platelets was seen with hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride or sucrose suggesting that the rapid transmembrane passage of DMSO prevented significant shifts of water. These studies demonstrate that there are minimal irreversible alterations in in vitro platelet function after short-term exposure to DMSO.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF CAR PROPERTIES ON A PHYSICAL MODEL

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Oleksii Timkov ◽  
Dmytro Yashchenko ◽  
Volodymyr Bosenko
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Remote Control ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Model Experiment ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Motor Current ◽  
Memory Card ◽  
The Mathematical Model

The article deals with the development of a physical model of a car equipped with measuring, recording and remote control equipment for experimental study of car properties. A detailed description of the design of the physical model and of the electronic modules used is given, links to application libraries and the code of the first part of the program for remote control of the model are given. Atmega microcontroller on the Arduino Uno platform was used to manage the model and register the parameters. When moving the car on the memory card saved such parameters as speed, voltage on the motor, current on the motor, the angle of the steered wheel, acceleration along three coordinate axes are recorded. Use of more powerful microcontrollers will allow to expand the list of the registered parameters of movement of the car. It is possible to measure the forces acting on the elements of the car and other parameters. In the future, it is planned to develop a mathematical model of motion of the car and check its adequacy in conducting experimental studies on maneuverability on the physical model. In addition, it is possible to conduct studies of stability and consumption of electrical energy. The physical model allows to quickly change geometric dimensions and mass parameters. In the study of highway trains, this approach will allow to investigate the various layout schemes of highway trains in the short term. It is possible to make two-axle road trains and saddle towed trains, three-way hitched trains of different layout. The results obtained will allow us to improve not only the mathematical model, but also the experimental physical model, and move on to further study the properties of hybrid road trains with an active trailer link. This approach allows to reduce material and time costs when researching the properties of cars and road trains. Keywords: car, physical model, experiment, road trains, sensor, remote control, maneuverability, stability.

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