scholarly journals Quantification of coral sperm collected during a synchronous spawning event

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Teo ◽  
James R. Guest ◽  
Mei Lin Neo ◽  
Kareen Vicentuan ◽  
Peter A. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Suction Force ◽  
Sperm Bundle ◽  
Synchronous Spawning ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
The Mean

Most studies of coral reproductive biology to date have focused on oocyte numbers and sizes. Only one (ex situ) study has enumerated sperm numbers, even though these data have multiple potential applications. We quantified total coral sperm and eggs per gamete bundle collected from six speciesin situduring a synchronous spawning event in Singapore. Egg-sperm bundles were captured midwater as they floated towards the surface after being released by the colony. For each sample, a semi-transparent soft plastic bottle was squeezed and released to create a small suction force that was used to ‘catch’ the bundles. This technique provided several advantages over traditional methods, including low cost, ease of use, no diving prior to the night of collection needed, and the ability to target specific areas of the colony. The six species sampled wereEchinophyllia aspera,Favites abdita,F. chinensis,Merulina ampliata, M. scabriculaandPlatygyra pini. The mean number of sperm packaged within one egg-sperm bundle ranged from 2.04 × 106to 1.93 × 107. The mean number of eggs per egg-sperm bundle ranged from 26.67 (SE ± 3.27) to 85.33 (SE ± 17.79). These data are critical for fertilisation success models, but the collection technique described could also be applied to studies requiringin situspawning data at the polyp level.

An in situ and ex situ TEM study of the formation of thin cobalt silicide films by molecular beam epitaxy on the silicon (100) surface

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 884-885
Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove ◽  
R. T. Tung
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Metal Base ◽  
In Situ Experiments ◽  
Potential Applications

The cobalt disilicide/silicon system has potential applications as a metal-base and as a permeable-base transistor. Although thin, low defect density, films of CoSi2 on Si(111) have been successfully grown, there are reasons to believe that Si(100)/CoSi2 may be better suited to the transmission of electrons at the silicon/silicide interface than Si(111)/CoSi2. A TEM study of the formation of CoSi2 on Si(100) is therefore being conducted. We have previously reported TEM observations on Si(111)/CoSi2 grown both in situ, in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) TEM and ex situ, in a conventional Molecular Beam Epitaxy system.The procedures used for the MBE growth have been described elsewhere. In situ experiments were performed in a JEOL 200CX electron microscope, extensively modified to give a vacuum of better than 10-9 T in the specimen region and the capacity to do in situ sample heating and deposition. Cobalt was deposited onto clean Si(100) samples by thermal evaporation from cobalt-coated Ta filaments.

Effect of C Content on Properties and Microstructure of Steel-Bonded Cemented Carbide GT35 Produced by In Situ Reduction of Ilmenite

2009 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 687-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wu ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Fei Long ◽  
Yu Fang Shen ◽  
Zheng Guang Zou
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbothermic Reduction ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cemented Carbide ◽  
Steel Matrix ◽  
In Situ Reduction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sintering Conditions

Steel-bonded cemented carbide GT35 was fabricated from natural ilmenite by in-situ carbothermic reduction and vacuum pressureless sintering. The effects of C content on the mechanical properties and microstructures of GT35 composites were investigated. As an excellent reducer, carbon provides an impetus for a series of reductive process. C content determines the melting point of the steel matrix, and directly affects the mechanism of dissolving and segregating of TiC particles, forming a netlike microstructure. Besides, the liquid steel whose viscosplasticity is determined by C content was coated on the surface of the composite and refrained the release of CO. The results showed that the good mechanical properties of steel-bonded cemented carbide GT35 composite were obtained with 0.9wt.% C at the same sintering conditions and the density reached 6.12g/cm3, the average bending strength was over 1229MPa after heat treatment, the mean hardness HRC was 69.4. It also showed that in-situ reduction of natural limonite was a feasible way to fabricate good performance GT35 composite with a relatively low cost.

Potential Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Environmental and Pharmaceutical Sectors

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (45) ◽  
pp. 5793-5806
Author(s):  
Mazhar Ul-Islam ◽  
Salman Ul-Islam ◽  
Sumayia Yasir ◽  
Atiya Fatima ◽  
Md. Wasi Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Wide Readership ◽  
Water Filters

Biopolymers and their composites have been extensively investigated in recent years for multiple applications, especially in environmental, medical, and pharmaceutical fields. Bacterial cellulose (BC) has emerged as a novel biomaterial owing to its nontoxic, high-liquid absorbing and holding capacity, drug-carrying ability, and pollutant absorbing features. Additionally, its web-shaped three-dimensional (3D) structure and hydrogen bonding sites have incited a combination of various nanoparticles, polymers, and other materials with BC in the form of composites. Such BC-based composites have been developed through in-situ, ex-situ, and solution casting methods for targeted applications, such as air and water filters, controlled drug delivery systems, wound dressing materials, and tissue regeneration. This review details the production and development of BCbased composites with different materials and by various methods. It further describes various applications of BC-based composites in the environmental and pharmaceutical sectors, with specific examples from the recent literature. This review could potentially appeal a wide readership in these two emerging fields, where novel and advanced materials for different applications have been developed on a regular basis using BC as the base material.

Relationship between in vivo, in situ and in vitro techniques for evaluation of tropical forages in Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 141-141
Author(s):  
Ives C.S. Bueno ◽  
Sergio L.S. Cabral Filho ◽  
Liliana L. Oetting ◽  
Mariana C. Machado ◽  
Sarita P. Gobbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Evaluation Systems ◽  
Similar Information ◽  
Tropical Forages

In vivo experiments are the preferred method for ruminant feed evaluation, but they are very expensive, laborious and time-consuming. In situ and in vitro techniques are commonly used as a routine all over the world as a predictor of in vivo results. In situ assays have been the basis of many feed evaluation systems due to its ease of use and low cost. In vitro techniques, such as gas production, give an opportunity to get similar information plus a better description of fermentative kinetics. The aim of this work was to compare data obtained from in vivo, in vitro and in situ assays for the evaluation of three tropical forages used in ruminant nutrition in Brazil.

scholarly journals The evaluation of using new trachea and skin manikins for practicing emergency anterior neck access

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumidtra Prathep ◽  
Wilasinee Jitpakdee ◽  
Pittayapon Pitathawatchai ◽  
Sittichoke Anuntaseree
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Supraglottic Airway ◽  
Anterior Neck ◽  
Emergency Airway ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Supraglottic Airway Devices ◽  
The Mean

AbstractEmergency anterior neck access may be performed if intubation and ventilation fail. Practicing this life-saving procedure with manikins before facing a real-life emergency anterior neck access is required to do this procedure successfully when we encounter a difficult airway situation. The current manikins are expensive and thus are sometimes difficult to acquire in low-cost settings such as Thailand. We devise a cost-effective training manikin using less expensive materials but retaining the simple design of the trachea and skin areas which are flexible polyurethane (PU) foam and silicone, but which still had the same utility as the current manikins. Five items were evaluated, and then scores were rated by experienced physicians from 1 to 5 points for each item, 1 being the least and 5 the highest. The mean score concerning the appropriate size of the manikins was 4.55 ± 0.56. The mean score of the ease of use for practicing was 4.58 ± 0.59. The mean score of the similarity of the skin of the manikins to human skin was 3.85 ± 0.66. The mean score of the similarity of the trachea of the manikins to the human trachea was 3.80 ± 0.69. The mean score of the sensation of inserting the tube in the manikin compared to a real trachea was 3.90 ± 0.67. The mean overall benefit score of practicing on the manikins was 4.38 ± 0.45. Our trial indicates that this low-cost and simply designed manikin can be useful for practicing emergency airway management procedures to save patients who are struggling with lack of oxygen or intubation failure or failure of ventilation or other airway equipment such as endotracheal intubation and supraglottic airway devices (SGA).

scholarly journals Structure-Dependent CO2 Gas Sensitivity of La2O2CO3 Thin Films

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margus Kodu ◽  
Tea Avarmaa ◽  
Hugo Mändar ◽  
Rando Saar ◽  
Raivo Jaaniso
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Gas Sensitivity ◽  
Sensor Structure

Rare earth oxycarbonates are potential candidate materials for constructing simple and low-cost chemiresistive sensors for monitoring carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in the living and working environment for personal comfort and health reasons. Also, measurement of CO2 concentrations is needed in many industrial processes. Specifically, sol-gel made nanoparticles of Nd and La oxycarbonates have been studied previously as novel CO2 gas sensor materials. In this paper, pulsed laser deposition of La oxycarbonate (La2O2CO3) thin films was studied and structural properties of obtained thin films were characterized. Also, CO2 gas sensing ability of synthesized films was evaluated. The films deposited under CO2 partial pressure in various conditions were all Raman amorphous. In situ or ex situ annealing procedure at high CO2 partial pressure was needed for obtaining crystalline La2O2CO3 films, whereby hexagonal and monoclinic polymorphs were obtained in ex situ and in situ processes, respectively. Sensor structure, made using in situ process, was sensitive to CO2 gas and showed relatively fast response and recovery characteristics.

scholarly journals In Situ ESWL and ESWL after Push Back for Upper Ureteric Calculi: A Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
S Islam ◽  
SM Khan ◽  
S Regmi ◽  
IA Shameem ◽  
GM Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ureteral Calculi ◽  
Ureteral Stones ◽  
Complete Clearance ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Ureteric Calculi ◽  
The Mean ◽  
First Session

This prospective study has been done to compare the results of treatment of uncomplicated upper ureteral calculi by in situ ESWL and ESWL after push back. Ninety consecutive patients with single upper- ureteric stones of < 1 cm in size with no distal obstruction were selected and divided into two groups. Fifty patients in group 1 were treated by in situ ESWL while 40 patients in group 2 were treated by push back followed by ESWL. In the in situ ESWL group, 56% cases were cleared of stone otter l week of first session, 24% cases required second and 10% cases required third sessions for complete clearance of stone. Overall 90% clearance was achieved after 90 days in this group. In the ESWL after push back group, 52.5% cases were cleared of stone after- 1 week of first session, 30% cases required second and 10% cases required third sessions for complete clearance of stone. Overall 92.5% clearance was achieved after 90 days in this group. Although more clearance rate was achieved in ESWL after push back, it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The number of average ESWL sessions required was 1.54 for stone cm and 1.77 /or stone of l crn in the in situ ESWL group, where as it was 1.46 and 1.48 respectively for stones - / cm and of 1 cm respectively in the ESWL after push back group, however this difference was not statistically significant. More shock wave and energy was needed in the in situ ESWL group than in ESWL after push back group. The mean shock wave was 1994 + 449 for in situ ESWL group and 1757.5 ± 255 for 17S117, after push back group, which was statistically very significant (p<0.01). The mean energy used was 5.07 L 0.81 in the in situ ESWL group and 4.6 0.48 in ESWL after push back group and this difference was also statistically significant (p<0.01). Post procedure complications like loin pain, noninvasive nature of ESWL has a strong appeal to the patients and physicians, and has become the first line treatment option for proximal ureteral stones. Although some urologists claim a higher success rate of ESWL after push back procedure, the invasiveness of the additional ureteral manipulation must be considered 6. On the other hand, in situ ESWL for uncomplicated upper ureteric calculi is appealing because it is noninvasive, requires no anesthesia, low morbidity, low cost and can be performed as an outpatient therapy and offers acceptable results. So, this study has been done to compare the results of treatment of uncomplicated upper ureteral calculi by in situ ESWL and ESWL after push back. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 14, No. 2, July 2011 p.51-54

scholarly journals Low Cost Metabolic Fuel Sensor for On-Demand Personal Health and Fitness Tracking

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Candell ◽  
R. W. Hoyt ◽  
J. M. Mahan ◽  
A. M. Siegel ◽  
R. M. Standley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Metabolic Fuel ◽  
Exercise Regimen ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Fitness Tracking ◽  
Metabolic Energy Expenditure

AbstractMetabolic health in the general population has declined significantly in just one to two generations despite increased emphasis on dieting and exercise. A challenge in prescribing a healthy diet and exercise regimen is the variability individuals exhibit in response to particular foods, calorie restricted diets and exercise regimens. This paper describes a prototype metabolic fuel sensor designed for ease of use and personal tracking of metabolic energy expenditure and fuel substrate utilization. Examples of the sensor measurements and potential applications to weight management and tracking of chronically high blood glucose are described.

scholarly journals Hexachlorocyclohexane toxicity in water bodies of Pakistan: challenges and possible reclamation technologies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talat Ara ◽  
Waqar-Un Nisa ◽  
Muzammil Anjum ◽  
Luqman Riaz ◽  
Aansa Rukya Saleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
In Situ Remediation ◽  
Residual Concentration

Abstract Pakistan is an agro-economy country where the hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) pesticides is being used to improve the crop productivity, as a result, the risk of contamination of soil and sediment has been increased. HCH exhibits all the characteristics of persistent organic pollutants (POP), therefore; added to the list of ‘new POPs’ in 2009. This review report revealed that the major rivers of Pakistan such as Indus Basin, River Ravi, River Chenab and their tributaries all are contaminated with HCH and the highest residual concentration (4,090 ng/g) was detected in pesticide burial ground in Hyderabad city. Major sources of HCH contamination were identified as agricultural runoff, discharge of untreated industrial effluents and surface runoff. In order to manage HCH pollution, various ex-situ and in-situ remediation techniques along with their merits and demerits are thoroughly reviewed. Among these, microbial bioremediation is low cost, environment friendly, effective in-situ remediation technique for remediation of HCH. Overall, the information provided in this manuscript will provide a future reference to the scientific community and bridge the knowledge gap between HCH release in environment and their mitigation through proper treatment method.

Structural and Electrochemical Investigation of Na+ Insertion Into λ-Mn1-xNixO2

2015 ◽  
Vol 1810 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Kim ◽  
G. G. Amatucci
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Positive Electrode ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Positive Electrodes ◽  
Insertion Mechanism ◽  
First Time

AbstractIncreased demand for low cost energy storage options has expanded the scope of Na+ batteries considerably; and with the growing interest in Na-based chemistries, the importance of high voltage positive electrodes is quickly realized as the Na/Na+ redox introduces lower operating voltages as compared to Li/Li+ based electrochemical cells. The 4.7V LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 spinel has exhibited considerable properties as a high voltage Li+ positive electrode, with a host structure (λ-Mn0.75Ni0.25O2) that may provide an analogous high voltage Na+ positive electrode. Structural and electrochemical properties of NaxMn1.56Ni0.44O4 and NaxMn2O4 are investigated for the first time[1] utilizing ex-situ, in-situ X-ray diffraction, and high-resolution electrochemical techniques to provide an insightful study of the Na+ insertion mechanism.

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