scholarly journals Status of gastrointestinal parasites in Red Panda of Nepal

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damber Bista ◽  
Saroj Shrestha ◽  
Ajaya Jang Kunwar ◽  
Sakshi Acharya ◽  
Shant Raj Jnawali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Coprological Examination ◽  
Red Panda ◽  
The Status ◽  
Panda Habitat

Red pandas are known to be highly susceptible to endoparasites, which can have a prominent impact on the population dynamics of this endangered species. There are very limited published reports on prevalence and risk of parasites in wild populations of red panda, especially localized reports. This study attempts to provide an in-depth insight of the status of endoparasites in red pandas, which is critical for strengthening conservation efforts. A total of 272 fecal samples were collected through systematic sampling across the red panda distribution range in Nepal and coprological examination was completed using standard techniques. It was followed by an estimation of prevalence and mean intensity of parasites, as well as statistical analysis, which was carried out using R statistical software. Parasite prevalence was documented in 90.80% (n = 247) out of 272 samples examined which includes seven different species along with three genera of parasites belonging to Protozoans (3 species), Cestodes (1 genus, 1 species) and Nematodes (2 genera, 3 species). Nematodes predominated in all infected samples (87.62%). Prevalence ofAncyclostoma duodenale(n = 227, 70.06%), having a mean intensity of 3.45 ± 2.88 individuals per sample, was observed, followed byAscaris lumbricoides(n = 19, 5.86%) andEntamoeba histolytica(n = 24, 7.41%). Eight variables for assessing the determinants of infestation were tested: protected areas; non-protected areas; aspect; elevation; slope; and distance to water sources, herding stations, and settlements. Only the settlement displayed significant association (β= −1534e−04,t =  − 2.192,p = 0.0293) though each parasite species displayed dissimilar association with different variables. This study indicates the urgent need of improving existing herding practice through habitat zonation, rotational grazing, medication of livestock, and prohibition of open defecation within and around red panda habitat.

scholarly journals Response of the Endangered red panda Ailurus fulgens fulgens to anthropogenic disturbances, and its distribution in Phrumsengla National Park, Bhutan

Oryx ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pema Dendup ◽  
Ellen Cheng ◽  
Choki Lham ◽  
Ugyen Tenzin
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbance ◽  
National Park ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbances ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Red Panda ◽  
Ailurus Fulgens ◽  
Panda Habitat

AbstractAcross much of Asia protected areas have a dual objective of conserving biodiversity and supporting rural and indigenous livelihoods. For the red panda Ailurus fulgens and other sensitive species of concern, even limited anthropogenic disturbance may influence their use of protected areas. We quantified the prevalence of timber collection and livestock grazing, and their impacts on red panda habitat use, in Phrumsengla National Park, Bhutan. Red pandas used sites with at least 20% bamboo cover, as evidenced by presence of their faecal pellets. They avoided sites disturbed by livestock, regardless of bamboo availability. Timber collection itself was not an important predictor of red panda presence but bamboo may be harvested opportunistically from sites where timber is collected. Conservation efforts for the red panda should not rely on protected areas alone but should explicitly consider and mitigate impacts of anthropogenic disturbances in protected areas.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Status and Conservation Initiatives of Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) in Nepal

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damber Bista ◽  
Rajiv Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Potential Habitat ◽  
Red Panda ◽  
The Status ◽  
Ailurus Fulgens ◽  
Conservation Threats ◽  
Fire Wood

The existing status of Red Panda Ailurus fulgens in Nepal is poorly known. Current work attempts to put the information on Red Panda status together from Nepal and the conservation initiatives taken so far in the country. Red Panda inhabits eastern Himalayan temperate broadleaved forest with bamboo in the understory with an altitudinal range preference of 2400-3900 m. The Red Panda population in Nepal is about 314 individuals. Although the majority of potential habitat i.e. 62% lies in community managed and national forest, a very few initiatives have been started for the research and conservation of this species outside the protected areas. The Red Panda is protected in Nepal. Forest fire, rotational grazing, slash and burn cultivation, timber and fire wood collection, predation by dogs, natural dying of ringal bamboo species, drought, landslide and lack of awareness are identified as the major conservation threats for Red Panda throughout its habitat within the country. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10268   The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 171-181

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Miranda Donkeys: Epidemiology and Selective Control of Strongyles Infection in the Northeast of Portugal

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Sérgio Ramalho Sousa ◽  
Sofia Anastácio ◽  
Miguel Nóvoa ◽  
Adolfo Paz-Silva ◽  
Luís Manuel Madeira de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Selective Treatment ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Native Breed ◽  
Parasite Biodiversity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasitism

In Portugal, equine parasitism in pasture animals is characterized by high parasitic burden and high helminthic biodiversity; both factors are potentially pathogenic for their hosts. The decrease in the number of donkeys over the last years in Portugal, their importance in rural lowland and mountain ecosystems and pastures and the scarce information regarding their parasitism led to this research, which aimed to evaluate the parasitological status of a Miranda donkey breed population, a native breed mainly located in the northeast of Portugal. This study provides better knowledge of their gastrointestinal parasitism, particularly strongyles, and the assessment of a targeted selective treatment (TST) as an alternative control approach of their parasitism. A longitudinal observational study was developed during a period of five years in a population of 62 Miranda donkeys. At first, strategic deworming of these animals was performed every semester, but this was progressively replaced by a TST approach according to the levels of Eggs per Gram (EPG). This new deworming strategy was conducted in association with a regular parasitological monitoring of the animals every three months, being dewormed with ivermectin when egg shedding was higher than 500 EPG. Over the study period, a decrease of the annual prevalence rate of infection by gastrointestinal strongyles was observed, from 35.5% to 19.4%, as well as a negative binomial distribution of parasitic strongyles in donkeys submitted to selective anthelminthic control. The prevalence rate of infection was higher in females (39.5%), in individuals under four years (46.7%) and in those presenting a lower body condition (40.8%). The egg output was higher in animals younger than four years (589.3 EPG) than in those older than 10 years (533.6 EPG) (p < 0.05). However, no differences were observed according to sex during the study period. Results from this study allowed to note the influence of swampy pastures and of the weather changes in the epidemiology of strongylosis in Miranda donkeys. Moreover, it was possible to establish the annual epidemiological curve of strongyle egg shedding, with June being the month with the highest EPG, December having the lowest EPG and March and September showing intermediate numbers. Overall, a lower biodiversity of gastrointestinal parasites was observed. Cyathostomum sensu lato was the most prevalent genus and Strongylus vulgaris was the most observed large strongyle of the Strongylidae family. Trichostrongylus axei and Parascaris sp. were other nematodes with a minor frequency. The higher prevalence of strongyles at the beginning of the study showed a progressive decrease throughout the research period, and also for parasite biodiversity. Therefore, a targeted selective treatment seems to be a rational anthelminthic control approach in Miranda donkey strongyle infection and in other gastrointestinal parasites, since it reduces the antiparasitic treatments, the parasite’ prevalence and the EPG level. However, a loss of parasite biodiversity was noted at the end of the study period, as Cyathostominae were the only isolated strongyles. This can be a challenging situation in the long run, taking the ability of these nematodes to adapt easily to any deworming program, meaning that fecal EPG monitoring should be kept as a rule to a rational parasite control program.

scholarly journals Effect of Agro-ecological Zone, Age, and Sex on Prevalence and Intensity of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Donkeys in Maseru District, Lesotho

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-248
Author(s):  
Masara Elizabeth Nts’aoana ◽  
Setsumi Mots’oene Molapo ◽  
Paseka Kompi
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Egg Load ◽  
Ecological Zone ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
One Year ◽  
Coccidian Infection ◽  
Age And Sex

Gastrointestinal parasites are considered to be silent killers of animals. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of the agro-ecological zone, age, and sex on the parasite prevalence and fecal egg/oocyst count in donkeys residing in Lesotho. A total number of 720 fecal samples were collected rectally from 120 indigenous donkeys that were randomly selected from the highlands, foothills, and lowlands of Maseru district, Lesotho. The fecal samples were collected every two months for one year and examined using the floatation technique. The overall prevalence for nematodes, coccidia, and cestodes in donkeys were 87.78%, 4.31%, and 1.53%, respectively. The highest nematode prevalence and intensity were detected in the donkeys of highlands. The coccidian infection was lower in the lowlands while cestodes infection was more prevalent in the foothills. Donkey’s age had an impact on the nematode fecal egg load but did not affect the prevalence of nematodes in donkeys. Age did not significantly affect the prevalence and fecal egg/oocyst count of cestodes and coccidia. Male donkeys had a higher prevalence and fecal egg count of cestodes. In conclusion, the nematodes were found to be the major gastrointestinal parasites of donkeys in the Maseru district. Therefore, there is a need to design a sustainable strategy aimed at controlling the gastrointestinal parasites in donkeys.

scholarly journals Intensity of Nematode Infection in Children Aged 3 to 5 Years Living in Mukuru Kwa Njenga Slum Settlement, Nairobi, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda Allan ◽  
Fiona N. Mbai ◽  
Dorcas S. Yole ◽  
Moses Owino
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Nematode Infection ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Status ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Stool Samples

Background. The burden of nematode infections is high mostly in children below 5 years old, with clinical manifestations ranging from mild to painful symptoms due to severe infections that end up suppressing the immune system of the infected children. The occurrence of these infections is highest in areas of extreme poverty. This study evaluated the intensity of nematode infections and assessed the status of deworming in children aged 3 to 5 years living in Mukuru slum settlement, Nairobi County, Kenya. Methodology. A total of 172 children aged between 3 and 5 years were sampled across the 5 major villages of Mukuru Slum settlement: Kwa Njenga, Vietnum, Wapewape, Kwa Reuben, and Motomoto. Community health workers administered questionnaires on the deworming history of children. Stool samples were collected, macroscopically examined, and microscopically analysed using Kato-Katz technique to assess the intensity of infection. The intensities of nematode infections were expressed as eggs per gram (epg) of faeces. Results. The point prevalence of nematode infection among the 98 children in the 1st sampling was 25.5% with a mean infection intensity of 5424 epg, whereas among the 74 children sampled in 2nd sampling, 47.3% had nematode infection with a mean infection intensity of 12384 epg. The average nematode infection for the 172 participants was 34.9% with a mean intensity of 17808 epg. The highest number of children infected with nematodes was in the village of Wapewape where 34 participants were examined and 36.3% were infected with a mean intensity of 3216 epg. Kwa Reuben and Vietnum villages had the same prevalence values of 32.4% where 34 participants in each village had a mean intensity of 3624 epg and 4512 epg, respectively. In both samplings, more than 80% of children had been dewormed more than 6 months prior to the study. Ascaris lumbricoides was the only species of intestinal nematodes identified to be present in the stool samples of children in this study, whereas Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections were found to be absent. The intensity of infection was not dependent on age or gender.

Spatial coincidence between mining activities and protected areas of giant panda habitat: The geographic overlaps and implications for conservation

2020 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 108600
Author(s):  
Kunyuan Wanghe ◽  
Xinle Guo ◽  
Faxiang Hu ◽  
Shahid Ahmad ◽  
Xiaowen Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Giant Panda ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Panda Habitat

scholarly journals The status and conservation of Jamaica's threatened and endemic forest avifauna and their habitats following Hurricane Gilbert

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Varty
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Hurricane Damage ◽  
Blue Mountain ◽  
The Status ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Conservation And Management

SummaryDespite serious and widespread hurricane damage to the natural forests of Jamaica (43% of trees either toppled or with crowns broken in the John Crow Mountains, for instance), the populations of the endemic Ring-tailed Pigeon Columba caribaea, Crested Quail-dove Geotrygon versicolor, Black-billed Parrot Amazona agilis, Yellow-billed Parrot A. collaria, Blue Mountain Vireo Vireo osburni and Jamaican Blackbird Nesopsar nigerrimus appear to have survived Hurricane Gilbert well. However, the expected reduction in food supplies, notably for the frugivores, caused by the severe damage to many trees, coupled with continuing and in some cases increasing human destruction and disturbance of the forests, puts the longer-term survival of these species in some doubt. The establishment of functioning protected areas encompassing the key forest regions for these birds; upgrading and more rigorous enforcement of the legislation governing conservation and management of wildlife and the natural forests; and the control and improvement of agricultural practices around forest areas, would greatly help to ensure the preservation of the forest avifauna and are recommended.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in captive animals in selected private zoos in south-west Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
T.J. Akinnubi ◽  
O.A. Morenikeji
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasite ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminths ◽  
Faecal Analysis ◽  
South West ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Coccidian Parasites

This study was carried out to determine the gastrointestinal parasite profile of captive animals kept in three private zoological gardens (Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library (OOPL) Wildlife Park, Q-BRAT Zoos and Gardens, OMU Resort) in south-west Nigeria. Animals were screened for gastrointestinal parasites via faecal analysis using standard coprological techniques. A total of 104 faecal samples were collected from forty-three animal species across the three zoos. Faecal samples examination revealed an overall parasite prevalence of 41.37%. The prevalence in OOPL was 35.29%, 62.5% in Q-BRAT and 40.54% in OMU. Gastrointestinal helminths identified were hookworm, Ascaris sp, Clonorchis sp, Enterobius sp,  Trichuris sp and Dipylidium sp, while Entamoeba sp, Giardia sp and coccidian parasites were the only protozoans present. Hookworm and Ascaris sp had the highest prevalence of 39.53% and 18.60% respectively. Prevalence across five categories of captive animals (aves, herbivores, carnivores, primates and reptiles) showed that primates and herbivores had the highest prevalence rates (54.55% and 43.75% respectively). Coccidian parasites had the highest intensity in birds at OOPL. This study shows the presence of parasites of zoonotic importance (Entamoeba sp, Hookworm, Ascaris sp, Giardia sp Enterobius sp and Trichuris sp) among screened animals. The result of this survey calls for the improvement of husbandry practices,  continuous parasite surveillance and therapeutic practices in the zoos in order to prevent a breakdown of animal and public health. Keywords: Gastrointestinal parasites; captive animals; zoological gardens, zoonosis; public health; south-west Nigeria.

Spaceborne remote sensing of the world’s protected areas

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Gillespie ◽  
Katherine S. Willis ◽  
Stacey Ostermann-Kelm
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Pixel Resolution ◽  
The World ◽  
Status And Trends ◽  
The Status

There has been a rapid evolution of satellites, sensors, and techniques to measure, monitor, and manage terrestrial protected areas. There are over 100,000 protected areas around the world and most lack important information on the status and trends of natural resource issues. We review advances and limitations in spaceborne remote sensing that can be applied to all terrestrial protected areas around the world. There have been significant advances in baseline vegetation mapping and land cover classifications by combining field data, data from multiple sensors, and classification techniques. However, global classifications on the extent of non-forest vegetation types (e.g. grasslands and shrublands) are still needed at 30 m pixel resolution. High spatial (< 1 m) and spectral (220 bands) resolution sensors have provided important data on environmental issues (e.g. invasive species, degradation) that are region or site specific. Advances in monitoring protected areas have primarily focused on forest ecosystems and land cover dynamics in and around protected areas using time series data. Landsat imagery can be used to monitor vegetation extent and dynamics at 30 m pixel resolution across the globe, while the MODIS sensors are more appropriate for monthly updates on trends of ecosystem health in protected areas. There has also been an increase in time series remote sensing datasets on anthropogenic impacts, such as light pollution, fire, and land surface temperature, that can be used for all protected areas. Future geographic research should focus on developing global protocols and incorporating near real time and annual metrics that can easily be used by natural resource managers to assess the status and trends of all protected areas.

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