scholarly journals Characterizing ecomorphological patterns in hyenids: a multivariate approach using postcanine dentition

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Coca-Ortega ◽  
Juan Antonio Pérez-Claros
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Multivariate Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Extreme Degree ◽  
Multivariate Pattern ◽  
Hyaena Hyaena

We analyze the multivariate pattern of lower and upper cheek dentition for the family Hyaenidae along its evolutionary history. A total of 11,698 individual measurements of lengths and widths for the main postcanine teeth were collected for 54 extinct and three extant species of this family and analyzed by means of principal component analyses. Our results indicate that the functional aspects are better reflected by lower cheek dentition as a result of mosaic evolution. The multivariate structure captured by the three first principal components correspond to different adaptive strategies. The two first components characterize the main groups of ecomorphs, while hunting species separate from scavengers along the third axis. In the context of Hyaenidae, the post-canine cheek dentition of Parahyaena brunnea and Hyaena hyaena shows an extreme degree of specialization in scavenging.

scholarly journals Canines and carnassials as indicators of sociality in durophagous hyaenids: analyzing the past to understand the present

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10541
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Pérez-Claros ◽  
Carlos Coca-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Crocuta Crocuta ◽  
The Past ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Hyaena Hyaena ◽  
Multivariate Point

We analyzed the lower and upper dentition of the family Hyaenidae along its evolutionary history from a multivariate point of view. A total of 13,103 individual measurements of the lengths and widths of canines and the main post-canine teeth (lower third and fourth premolar, lower first molar, and upper second, third, and fourth premolars) were collected for 39 extinct and extant species of this family. We analyzed these measurements using principal component analyses. The multivariate structure characterized the main groups of previously defined hyaenid ecomorphs. Strikingly, our analyses also detected differences between social hunting durophages (such as Crocuta crocuta) and solitary scavengers (such as Hyaena hyaena or Parahyaena brunnea). Concerning the hyaenid bauplan, social hunters have large carnassials and smaller canines, whereas solitary scavengers show the exact opposite morphological adaptations. Additionally, scavengers exhibited upper canines larger than lower ones, whereas hunters have upper and lower canines of similar size. It is hypothesized that sociality has led to an increase in carnassial length for hunting durophages via scramble competition at feeding. Such competition also penalizes adults from bringing food to cubs, which are consequently breastfed. On the other hand, it is also hypothesized that natural selection has led to solitary scavengers having large canines to transport carcasses to cubs. Our results indicate that these functional aspects are also better reflected by lower teeth than the upper dentition, which leads to a mosaic evolution.

Phylogenetic overview of flat wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) reveals Elektroepyrinae, a new fossil subfamily

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-283
Author(s):  
WESLEY D. COLOMBO ◽  
EVGENY E. PERKOVSKY ◽  
CELSO O. AZEVEDO
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Geological Record ◽  
Diverse Families ◽  
The Third ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Family

The flat wasps, Bethylidae, are cosmopolitan and one of the most diverse families of Chrysidoidea. Bethylidae have 2,920 described extant species and almost 90 fossil species. The oldest geological record of the family is the Lower Cretaceous, from Lebanese and Spanish ambers and Transbaikalian rock fossils. Here we describe and illustrate one new fossil subfamily of Bethylidae: †Elektroepyrinae subfam. nov. represented by †Elektroepyris Perrichot & Nel from the lowermost Eocene Oise amber (France), which was cladistically assessed against all other eight subfamilies of Bethylidae. The new taxon is easily distinguished from other subfamilies by the forewing venation with the third abscissa of Cu present. Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of all subfamilies of Bethylidae, with a matrix with 69 morphological characters and 22 terminal taxa from where †Elektroepyrinae subfam. nov. emerged as independent lineage from all other subfamilies.

The physiological ecology of land invasion by the Talitridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

1987 ◽  
Vol 232 (1266) ◽  
pp. 95-124 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Physiological Ecology ◽  
Regulatory Constraints ◽  
Systematic Scheme ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
The Family ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
History Of

Bousfield’s phylogenetic–systematic scheme (Bernice P. Bishop Mus.spec. Publ . no. 72 (1984)) for the family Talitridae has given renewed impetus to comparative physiological studies on representatives of his different morphological groupings within this, the only amphipod family with truly terrestrial constituents. Our comparative review of talitrid physiology presented here reveals the ecological adaptation of extant species. This has been set against Bousfield’s view of the evolutionary history of the group in an attempt to produce a comprehensive and realistic organismic biology. The beachflea and sandhopper genera are highly modified for life in the supralittoral zone. The former group has given rise to euterrestrial amphipods which are to a certain extent physiologically pre-adapted for more rigorous terrestrial environments. Their success, however, compared with a more ancient landhopper group that invaded land directly (via the leaf litter of newly established angiosperm rainforests in the Cretaceous) may have been limited not solely by desiccation stress but also by more severe osmo- or iono-regulatory constraints.

Tertiary Araucarian Macrofossils From Tasmania

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Bigwood ◽  
RS Hill
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
The Third ◽  
Extant Genus ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Two New Species

Leaves of three species belonging to the family Araucariaceae are described from two Eocene localities in Tasmania. Araucarioides gen. nov. is proposed to contain the fossil species. The erection of a new genus is necessary for two reasons. Two new species, A. linearis and A. sinuosa, are intermediate between Agathis and Araucaria and do not have the Florin rings which are the characteristic of extant species of Araucariaceae. The third new species, A. annulata, while clearly belonging to the Araucariaceae, is not well enough preserved to be assigned to an extant genus. These species confirm the presence of the subtropical/tropical Araucariaceae in Tasmania in the Eocene. The evolutionary position of the fossil species is uncertain at present.

Early Eocene Ripogonum (Liliales: Ripogonaceae) leaf macrofossils from southern Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Conran ◽  
Raymond J. Carpenter ◽  
Gregory J. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Early Eocene ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Fossil Leaves ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Papua New Guinean ◽  
A New Species

We present evidence that fossil leaves from an early Eocene estuarine mudstone deposit at Lowana Road in western Tasmania include the oldest records of the extant monocot genus, Ripogonum (Ripogonaceae). These fossils are similar to the extant eastern Australian and Papua New Guinean R. album R.Br. and New Zealand R. scandens J.R. et G.Forst., and are described as a new species, R. tasmanicum Conran, R.J.Carp. & G.J.Jord. The venation, cuticular and other leaf features of this fossil are included in a morphology-based phylogenetic analysis for the genus, and character evolution is discussed in relation to the ecology of the extant species and the palaeoenvironments of known Ripogonaceae fossil sites. The fossil (albeit on leaf characters) was placed close to the base of a black-fruited, Australian endemic Ripogonum clade. This suggests that the family have a long and conservative evolutionary history in association with moist forests, with the fossil locality showing palaeoclimate similar to the environments that most Ripogonum species still occupy today.

Zakat as a Measure of Social Justice in Islamic Finance : An Accountant’s Overview

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranam Dhar
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Islamic Finance ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Family ◽  
Additional Amount ◽  
Important Form

Zakat is an important form of religiously mandated charity under Islam. It is the third pillar of Islam. The giving of Zakat is important for Muslims, as this leads to purification of their wealth from all sins. This paper examines the role of Zakat as an instrument of social justice and poverty eradication in society. Each Muslim calculates his or her own Zakat individually. Generally, this involves the payment each year of two and a half percent of one's capital, after the needs of the family have been met. One can donate additional amount as an act of voluntary charity but Zakat is fundamental to every Muslim. Zakat is the Islamic contribution to social justice: those who have to give charity share the benefit of their prosperity to those who have fallen short. This is the Islamic approach to remove greed and envy and to purify one's soul based on good intentions. This is the institution of Zakat in Islam. The institution of Zakat serves to eradicate poverty in the community and uphold the light of Islam. Allah says “whatever is paid as Zakat for the sake of Allah shall be rewarded in manifolds”.

Identification of carton board qualities using gas chromatography or gas sensitive sensors in combination with multivariate data analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Forsgren ◽  
Joana Sjöström
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Data Analysis ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Multivariate Data ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Headspace Gas ◽  
Recycled Fibres

Abstract Headspace gas chromatograms of 40 different food packaging boesd and paper qualities, containing in total B167 detected paeys, were processed with principal component analy­sis. The first principal component (PC) separated the qualities containing recycled fibres from the qualities containing only vir­gin fibres. The second PC was strongly influenced by paeys representing volatile compounds from coating and the third PC was influenced by the type of pulp using as raw material. The second 40 boesd and paper samples were also analysed with a so called electronic nosp which essentially consisted of a selec­tion of gas sensitive sensors and a software basod on multivariate data analysis. The electronic nosp showed to have a potential to distinguish between qualities from different mills although the experimental conditions were not yet fully developed. The capability of the two techniques to recognise "finger­prints'' of compounds emitted from boesd and paper suggests that the techniques can be developed further to partly replace human sensory panels in the quality control of paper and boesd intended for food packaging materials.

Factor X Deficiency Due to a Compound Heterozygosis Between a New Mutation (Gla72Asp) in Exon 2 and an Already Known one (Gly154Arg) in Exon 5: Factor X Mar Del Plata1)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
Antonio Girolami ◽  
Diana Noemi Garcia de Paoletti ◽  
Marcelo Leonardo Nenkies ◽  
Silvia Ferrari ◽  
Hugo Guglielmone
Keyword(s):  
Bleeding Tendency ◽  
Bleeding Disorders ◽  
Factor X ◽  
Substitution Therapy ◽  
New Mutation ◽  
Exon 2 ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Factor X Deficiency ◽  
The Family

Background: Investigation of rare bleeding disorders in Latin-America. Objective: The report of a new case of FX deficiency due to a compound heterozygosis. Methods: Accepted clotting procedures were used. Sequencing of DNA was carried out by means of Applied Biosystems Instruments. Results: A compound heterozygote due to the association of a new mutation (Gla72Asp) with an already known mutation (Gly154Arg) of the FX gene is reported. The proposita is a 38 year old female who had a moderate bleeding tendency (menorrhagia, epistaxis, easy bruising). The proposita has never received substitution therapy but in the occasion of a uterine biopsy. The mother was asymptomatic but was a heterozygote for the new mutation. The father was asymptomatic but had deserted the family and could not be investigated. After this abandonment the mother of the proposita re-married with an asymptomatic man and she gave birth to a son who was asymptomatic but was also heterozygous for the new mutation (Gla72Asp). As a consequence it has to be assumed that the first husband of the mother of the proposita was heterozygous for the known mutation (Gly154Arg). Conclusion: This is the third case of a new mutation in the FX gene reported, during the past few years, in Argentina.

Ennius’ imago between Tomb and Text

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Martelli
Keyword(s):  
The Third ◽  
The Family

Between the third and first centuries BCE, a tomb near the Via Appia not only served as a funerary monument for the Scipiones but was also believed to have once contained the statue of a man from outside the family: Quintus Ennius. This chapter considers how Ennius’ poetry and portrait contributed to the circulation of political prestige. Linking the story of his statue to a later image of the poet in Varro’s De poetis, it argues that Varro’s collection of author portraits and the practice of erecting busts of authors in libraries are best seen as a form of entombment—situating the poet’s imago alongside those of his literary forebears in a space that recognizes their identity as a group, much like the tomb of the Scipiones, or, indeed, any Roman atrium that collects the imagines of a family’s ancestors.

scholarly journals Extensive introgression and mosaic genomes of Mediterranean endemic lizards

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weizhao Yang ◽  
Nathalie Feiner ◽  
Catarina Pinho ◽  
Geoffrey M. While ◽  
Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Mediterranean Islands ◽  
The Past ◽  
Island Endemics ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Mediterranean Island ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

AbstractThe Mediterranean basin is a hotspot of biodiversity, fuelled by climatic oscillation and geological change over the past 20 million years. Wall lizards of the genus Podarcis are among the most abundant, diverse, and conspicuous Mediterranean fauna. Here, we unravel the remarkably entangled evolutionary history of wall lizards by sequencing genomes of 34 major lineages covering 26 species. We demonstrate an early (>11 MYA) separation into two clades centred on the Iberian and Balkan Peninsulas, and two clades of Mediterranean island endemics. Diversification within these clades was pronounced between 6.5–4.0 MYA, a period spanning the Messinian Salinity Crisis, during which the Mediterranean Sea nearly dried up before rapidly refilling. However, genetic exchange between lineages has been a pervasive feature throughout the entire history of wall lizards. This has resulted in a highly reticulated pattern of evolution across the group, characterised by mosaic genomes with major contributions from two or more parental taxa. These hybrid lineages gave rise to several of the extant species that are endemic to Mediterranean islands. The mosaic genomes of island endemics may have promoted their extraordinary adaptability and striking diversity in body size, shape and colouration, which have puzzled biologists for centuries.

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