scholarly journals Canines and carnassials as indicators of sociality in durophagous hyaenids: analyzing the past to understand the present

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10541
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Pérez-Claros ◽  
Carlos Coca-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Crocuta Crocuta ◽  
The Past ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Hyaena Hyaena ◽  
Multivariate Point

We analyzed the lower and upper dentition of the family Hyaenidae along its evolutionary history from a multivariate point of view. A total of 13,103 individual measurements of the lengths and widths of canines and the main post-canine teeth (lower third and fourth premolar, lower first molar, and upper second, third, and fourth premolars) were collected for 39 extinct and extant species of this family. We analyzed these measurements using principal component analyses. The multivariate structure characterized the main groups of previously defined hyaenid ecomorphs. Strikingly, our analyses also detected differences between social hunting durophages (such as Crocuta crocuta) and solitary scavengers (such as Hyaena hyaena or Parahyaena brunnea). Concerning the hyaenid bauplan, social hunters have large carnassials and smaller canines, whereas solitary scavengers show the exact opposite morphological adaptations. Additionally, scavengers exhibited upper canines larger than lower ones, whereas hunters have upper and lower canines of similar size. It is hypothesized that sociality has led to an increase in carnassial length for hunting durophages via scramble competition at feeding. Such competition also penalizes adults from bringing food to cubs, which are consequently breastfed. On the other hand, it is also hypothesized that natural selection has led to solitary scavengers having large canines to transport carcasses to cubs. Our results indicate that these functional aspects are also better reflected by lower teeth than the upper dentition, which leads to a mosaic evolution.

scholarly journals Characterizing ecomorphological patterns in hyenids: a multivariate approach using postcanine dentition

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Coca-Ortega ◽  
Juan Antonio Pérez-Claros
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Multivariate Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Extreme Degree ◽  
Multivariate Pattern ◽  
Hyaena Hyaena

We analyze the multivariate pattern of lower and upper cheek dentition for the family Hyaenidae along its evolutionary history. A total of 11,698 individual measurements of lengths and widths for the main postcanine teeth were collected for 54 extinct and three extant species of this family and analyzed by means of principal component analyses. Our results indicate that the functional aspects are better reflected by lower cheek dentition as a result of mosaic evolution. The multivariate structure captured by the three first principal components correspond to different adaptive strategies. The two first components characterize the main groups of ecomorphs, while hunting species separate from scavengers along the third axis. In the context of Hyaenidae, the post-canine cheek dentition of Parahyaena brunnea and Hyaena hyaena shows an extreme degree of specialization in scavenging.

scholarly journals Gogolesque in the novel “The Life of Arseniev” by Ivan Bunin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Vranchan
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Old World ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Family ◽  
Artistic Interpretation

The article deals with the peculiarities of the patriarchal noble-peasant life description in the novel “The Life of Arseniev” (1930) by Ivan Bunin, focuses on the use of characteristic Gogol’s images and techniques. Moreover, the comparison of the artistic interpretation ways of the patriarchal past by the writers reveals the Gogol's influence on the position of Bunin as the author, which is presented in the novel in different ways: from the point of view of an observer narrator who topographically accurately depicts the reality and life of the family estate, and from the point of view of an emigrant, focused on memories of the past, conveying an emotional sense of the connection between generations. In general, Bunin continues to develop the theme of the collision of immobile patriarchy with the quick movement of time that destroys the old serfdom, so his novel is imbued with nostalgia for the small-scale world going into the past. In Bunin's nostalgia, there are echoes of Gogol's sorrow about the doomed old world life.

scholarly journals The time when the Mansi people kept the fire in a nāy sānyt ‘a box of fire’ (based on handwritten materials by P. E. Sheshkin)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-562
Author(s):  
S. A. Popova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Ancient Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ethnic History ◽  
The Way

Introduction: the article is devoted to the study of religious ideas and events of one of the periods of the Mansi people’s life, which is designated by Sheshkin as nāy sānyt jis ‘the ancient time of fire [stored] in a box’. The article presents information about the family and public fire storage, construction of the box, the use of fire in different situations, its keepers. Ideas about fire are considered from the point of view of its personification (Fire-Mother, Fire-Woman); embodiment (it is alive, can talk, visit, revenge); mythologization (deity, special spirit of fire voytyl); object of veneration (holy mothers, dedication, sanctuaries). Folklore plots reflecting the ideas about «living» fire are revealed. Objective: to reconstruct the events and ideas of the northern Mansi group about fire in the era nāy sānyt jis. Research materials: handwritten texts of P. E. Sheshkin, published materials of the XIX–XXI centuries. Results and novelty of the research: the analysis reveals historical information on the way of life and organization of the Mansi during the period «the time when the Mansi kept fire in the nāy sānyt ‘box of fire’». The features of storing and using of family and collective fire are analyzed. The awareness of fire as a value is transmitted in the ideas of its supernatural essence, in the veneration of the Fire-Mother. The past fire, lost by people, is perceived as a super-fire (more powerful in brightness and heat, it lives together with a man and takes care of him). The attitude to fire as a shrine is reflected in the prohibitions, the dedication of it to animals (cat, frog), the construction of temples (sanctuaries). The novelty lies in the introduction into scientific circulation of the traditional ideas of the Mansi about the early stage of their ethnic history

First occurrence of the ‘hunting hyena’ Chasmaporthetes in the Late Miocene fossil bearing localities of Toros Menalla, Chad (Africa)

2007 ◽  
Vol 178 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis de Bonis ◽  
Stephane Peigne ◽  
Andossa Likius ◽  
Hassane T. Makaye ◽  
Michel Brunet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Crocuta Crocuta ◽  
Spotted Hyena ◽  
African Species ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Occurrence ◽  
First Time

Abstract Late Miocene localities of Toros Menalla (Chad) have yielded many bones of fossil vertebrates with a lot of mammalian remains. Among the mammals, there are several Carnivora taxa, especially hyenids. The family Hyaenidae is very well developed during this period with classical bone crusher species but also with flesh eater taxa which are called hunting hyenas. The genus Chasmaporthetes is one of these taxa. It was described from North America, Asia, Euro-pa and South Africa but it is recorded for the first time in central Africa. The Chadian specimens are close to the South African species C. australis (Hendey, 1974) but differs through some morphological and metrical details. C. australis is a huge hunting hyena, a little bigger than the extant species Crocuta crocuta, the spotted hyena. An isolated premolar recorded in the locality Sahabi (Libya) belongs probably to the same group. The spreading of this large hunting species is probably correlated with the abundance of large ungulates in the local faunas.

scholarly journals On generalized Lagrange–Hermite–Bernoulli and related polynomials

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-224
Author(s):  
Waseem A. Khan ◽  
M. A. Pathan
Keyword(s):  
Generating Functions ◽  
Special Functions ◽  
Laguerre Polynomials ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Generalized Polynomials ◽  
New Class ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Family ◽  
Generating Relations ◽  
High Degree

We introduce a new class of generalized polynomials, ascribed to the family of Hermite, Lagrange, Bernoulli, Miller–Lee, and Laguerre polynomials and of their associated forms. These polynomials can be expressed in the form of generating functions, which allow a high degree of exibility for the formulation of the relevant theory. We develop a point of view based on generating relations, exploited in the past, to study some aspects of the theory of special functions. We propose a fairly general analysis allowing a transparent link between different forms of special polynomials.

scholarly journals Multiple scaled symmetric distributions in allometric studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Punzo ◽  
Luca Bagnato
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Heavy Tails ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Robust Methods ◽  
Symmetric Distributions ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Elliptically Symmetric Distributions

Abstract In allometric studies, the joint distribution of the log-transformed morphometric variables is typically symmetric and with heavy tails. Moreover, in the bivariate case, it is customary to explain the morphometric variation of these variables by fitting a convenient line, as for example the first principal component (PC). To account for all these peculiarities, we propose the use of multiple scaled symmetric (MSS) distributions. These distributions have the advantage to be directly defined in the PC space, the kind of symmetry involved is less restrictive than the commonly considered elliptical symmetry, the behavior of the tails can vary across PCs, and their first PC is less sensitive to outliers. In the family of MSS distributions, we also propose the multiple scaled shifted exponential normal distribution, equivalent of the multivariate shifted exponential normal distribution in the MSS framework. For the sake of parsimony, we also allow the parameter governing the leptokurtosis on each PC, in the considered MSS distributions, to be tied across PCs. From an inferential point of view, we describe an EM algorithm to estimate the parameters by maximum likelihood, we illustrate how to compute standard errors of the obtained estimates, and we give statistical tests and confidence intervals for the parameters. We use artificial and real allometric data to appreciate the advantages of the MSS distributions over well-known elliptically symmetric distributions and to compare the robustness of the line from our models with respect to the lines fitted by well-established robust and non-robust methods available in the literature.

Chelovek.RU/Человек.RU

Chelovek RU ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 18-53
Author(s):  
Sergei Avanesov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian Philosopher ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pavel Florensky ◽  
The Moment

Abstract. The article analyzes the autobiography of the famous Russian philosopher, theologian and scientist Pavel Florensky, as well as those of his texts that retain traces of memories. According to Florensky, the personal biography is based on family history and continues in children. He addresses his own biography to his children. Memories based on diary entries are designed as a memory diary, that is, as material for future memories. The past becomes actual in autobiography, turns into a kind of present. The past, from the point of view of its realization in the present, gains meaning and significance. The au-thor is active in relation to his own past, transforming it from a collection of disparate facts into a se-quence of events. A person can only see the true meaning of such events from a great distance. Therefore, the philosopher remembers not so much the circumstances of his life as the inner impressions of the en-counter with reality. The most powerful personality-forming experiences are associated with childhood. Even the moment of birth can decisively affect the character of a person and the range of his interests. The foundations of a person's worldview are laid precisely in childhood. Florensky not only writes mem-oirs about himself, but also tries to analyze the problems of time and memory. A person is immersed in time, but he is able to move into the past through memory and into the future through faith. An autobi-ography can never be written to the end because its author lives on. However, reaching the depths of life, he is able to build his path in such a way that at the end of this path he will unite with the fullness of time, with eternity.

МАРКЕТИНГОВІ АСПЕКТИ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ЛІТЕРАТУРНИХ КОНКУРСІВ ТА ПРЕМІЙ

2020 ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
O. Bondar
Keyword(s):  
Publishing House ◽  
Target Audience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Literary Field ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The Media ◽  
Literary Prizes ◽  
The Impact

<p><em>In this study, I have collected and summarized the functional aspects of a literary prize, contest, and rating, which indicate their affiliation with the marketing complex of the publishing house for the first time. For this purpose, I have analyzed and summarized the common concepts of the functioning of literary prizes and contests as advertising tools for publishing activity. Because the previous studies are only focused on the fact of the impact of the prize on the promotion of editions but do not explain it, these aspects have been considered and introduced by me from the book production’s point of view. I investigated that the prizes and the contests in the literary field are effective marketing tools, which meet many publisher’s needs at the same time and can be considered a non-profit form of capital. I have reviewed the works of other authors, who accept that the economic success of the book is rising if the author is a winner of the literary prize or contest. I have found out that the book prize activates the demand for the book, and the literary contest is a tool to track the reader’s reaction to a future publication. In this way, literary prizes and contests can be considered as a way of conducting a marketing dialogue with the target audience. I have focused on the information support of literary national and international prizes and contests by the media, which attracts attention to the book and forms the reader’s interest. The literary prizes and contests are also considered as a way of exploring trends and their changes, familiarization the popular genres among the target audience and fixation the current choice of modern readers. Literary prizes and contests motivate the authors to improve their literary excellence, are the source of new authors and works, and assist in increasing sales of books. However, further research is recommended.</em></p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> book prize, book rating, literary contest, literary prize, functions of the literary prizes.</em>

Portuguese Sardines - from the ritual to the brand

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Cecília Avelino Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Place Branding ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
City Council ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
City Branding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Behavioral Expression ◽  
The City ◽  
City Identity

Place branding is a network of associations in the consumer’s mind, based on the visual, verbal, and behavioral expression of a place. Food can be an important tool to summarize it as it is part of the culture of a city and its symbolic capital. Food is imaginary, a ritual and a social construction. This paper aims to explore a ritual that has turned into one of the brands of Lisbon in the past few years. The fresh sardines barbecued out of doors, during Saint Anthony’s festival, has become a symbol that can be found on t-shirts, magnets and all kinds of souvenirs. Over the year, tourists can buy sardine shaped objects in very cheap stores to luxurious shops. There is even a whole boutique dedicated to the fish: “The Fantastic World of Portuguese Sardines” and an annual competition promoted by the city council to choose the five most emblematic designs of sardines. In order to analyze the Sardine phenomenon from a city branding point of view, the objective of this paper is to comprehend what associations are made by foreigners when they are outside of Lisbon. As a methodological procedure five design sardines, were used of last year to questioning to which city they relate them in interviews carried in Madrid, Lyon, Rome and London. Upon completion of the analysis, the results of the city branding strategy adopted by the city council to promote the sardines as the official symbol of Lisbon is seen as a Folkmarketing action. The effects are positive, but still quite local. On the other hand, significant participation of the Lisbon´s dwellers in the Sardine Contest was observed, which seems to be a good way to promote the city identity and pride in their best ambassador: the citizens.

History of Tour de France from the Geographical Point of View

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 255-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Bačík ◽  
Michal Klobučník
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
The World ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Tour De France ◽  
Wide Circle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Expert Community ◽  
Geographical Point

Abstract The Tour de France, a three week bicycle race has a unique place in the world of sports. The 100th edition of the event took place in 2013. In the past of 110 years of its history, people noticed unique stories and duels in particular periods, celebrities that became legends that the world of sports will never forget. Also many places where the races unfolded made history in the Tour de France. In this article we tried to point out the spatial context of this event using advanced technologies for distribution of historical facts over the Internet. The Introduction briefly displays the attendance of a particular stage based on a regional point of view. The main topic deals with selected historical aspects of difficult ascents which every year decide the winner of Tour de France, and also attract fans from all over the world. In the final stage of the research, the distribution of results on the website available to a wide circle of fans of this sports event played a very significant part (www.tdfrance.eu). Using advanced methods and procedures we have tried to capture the historical and spatial dimensions of Tour de France in its general form and thus offering a new view of this unique sports event not only to the expert community, but for the general public as well.

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