A MODEL FOR THE COSTING OF OIL SPILL CLEARANCE OPERATIONS AT SEA

1977 ◽  
Vol 1977 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
P.D. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Transport Time ◽  
Number Of Components ◽  
Low Costs

ABSTRACT Analysis of published data reveals that the total costs attributable to an oil spill are made up of a number of components which include the actual costs of the cleanup operations by government and/or industry (incurred either directly or through a contractor), third party costs (compensation to fishermen, boat-owners, etc.) and miscellaneous costs, including legal expenses, administrative charges, and fines. The relative proportions of each component vary considerably depending on the particular circumstances and location of each spill. Costs generally fall into three groups defined broadly as offshore (low costs per ton oil spilled), inshore and onshore (high costs per ton oil). Considering only the costs of cleanup operations, a model has been developed for estimating the cleanup costs for various situations (offshore, inshore and onshore) and using different cleanup techniques (recovery, dispersion, absorbents, etc.). This model takes into account the spill size, makes allowance for transport time and allows for the practical effects of natural dispersion, evaporation, etc. Use is made of the model to calculate costs for typical situations using practical component cost data to show the optimum conditions for each method of treatment and to show the dependence of recovery or dispersant operations on spill size.

Sex (Similarities and) Differences in Friendship Jealousy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimie Krems ◽  
Keelah Williams ◽  
Laureon Allison Watson ◽  
Douglas Kenrick ◽  
Athena Aktipis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Best Friends ◽  
Adaptive Challenges ◽  
The Face ◽  
Initial Support ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Material Benefits

Friendships provide material benefits, bolster health, and may help solve adaptive challenges. However, a recurrent obstacle to sustaining those friendships—and thus enjoying many friendship-mediated fitness benefits—is interference from other people. Friendship jealousy may be well-designed for helping both men and women meet the recurrent, adaptive challenge of retaining friends in the face of such third-party interference. Although we thus expect several sex similarities in the general cognitive architecture of friendship jealousy (e.g., it is attuned to friend value), there are also sex differences in friendship structures and historical functions, which might influence the inputs of friendship jealousy (e.g., the value of any one friendship). If so, we should also expect some sex differences in friendship jealousy. Findings from a reanalysis of previously-published data and a new experiment, including both U.S. student and adult community participants (N = 993), provide initial support for three predicted sex differences: women (versus men) report greater friendship jealousy at the prospective loss of best friends to others, men (versus women) report greater friendship jealousy at the prospective loss of acquaintances to others, and men’s (but not women’s) friendship jealousy is enhanced in the context of intergroup contests.

scholarly journals Institutionalization-Free Survival and Health Care Costs among Quebec Community-Dwelling Elderly Patients with Dementia

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah-Gabrielle Beland ◽  
Antoine Pariente ◽  
Yola Moride
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Reference Population ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Administrative Claims ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Care Costs

Background. Published data on burden of dementia mainly include patients of third-care facilities. Economic consequences in an outpatient setting remain poorly examined. Objectives. To evaluate institutionalization-free survival and direct health care costs of dementia in the Quebec community-dwelling elderly population. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Quebec administrative claims databases. The cohort included a random sample of patients with treated dementia between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2009 (n=37,138). The reference population included elderly patients without dementia matched in age group, gender, and index date. Using a third-party payer perspective, direct costs over 5 years were assessed. Results. Institutionalization-free survival at 5 years was lower in patients with dementia than in elderly without dementia (38.9% and 72.2%, resp.). Over 5 years, difference in mean total direct health care costs per patient was CAD$19,159, distributed into institutionalizations (CAD$13,598), hospitalizations (CAD$3,312), and prescribed medications (CAD$2,320). Costs of medical services were similar (−CAD$96). In the first year of followup, cost differentials were mainly attributable to hospitalizations, while in the last year (year 5) they were due to institutionalizations. Conclusion. This study confirms that dementia is an important socioeconomic burden in the community, the nature of which depends on disease progression.

scholarly journals IoT Notary : Attestable Sensor Data Capture in IoT Environments

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Nisha Panwar ◽  
Shantanu Sharma ◽  
Guoxi Wang ◽  
Sharad Mehrotra ◽  
Nalini Venkatasubramanian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
User Data ◽  
Data Capturing ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The University

Contemporary IoT environments, such as smart buildings, require end-users to trust data-capturing rules published by the systems. There are several reasons why such a trust is misplaced—IoT systems may violate the rules deliberately or IoT devices may transfer user data to a malicious third-party due to cyberattacks, leading to the loss of individuals’ privacy or service integrity. To address such concerns, we propose IoT Notary , a framework to ensure trust in IoT systems and applications. IoT Notary provides secure log sealing on live sensor data to produce a verifiable “proof-of-integrity,” based on which a verifier can attest that captured sensor data adhere to the published data-capturing rules. IoT Notary is an integral part of TIPPERS, a smart space system that has been deployed at the University of California, Irvine to provide various real-time location-based services on the campus. We present extensive experiments over real-time WiFi connectivity data to evaluate IoT Notary , and the results show that IoT Notary imposes nominal overheads. The secure logs only take 21% more storage, while users can verify their one day’s data in less than 2 s even using a resource-limited device.

The First Private Practice as a Registration Authority Authorised Nurse Practitioner in Australia

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cashin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Nurse Practitioners ◽  
Nurse Practitioner ◽  
Private Practice ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Scope Of Practice ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Mental Health Nurse ◽  
Health Nurse ◽  
Third Party Reimbursement

The first private practice conducted, owned by and advertised as an authorised nurse practitioner practice in Australia was established in February 2004. A mental health nurse practitioner established the practice in a medical centre to provide counselling and mental health services for individuals, couples and families. This paper discusses the first 18 months of operation and considers the experience in the context of the small amount of published data, internationally, related to nurse owned and run private practices in general, and nurse practitioner practices. The practical steps of setting up, reimbursement and meeting challenges, in particular, are discussed. Diary entries and copies of emails were used as data through which the experience was tracked. The conclusion was reached that private practice as a nurse practitioner is possible. Scope of practice and financial remuneration are limited by the current third party reimbursement arrangements under Medicare and the lack of provision of PBS provider numbers to nurse practitioners.

scholarly journals Global neurosurgery: the current capacity and deficit in the provision of essential neurosurgical care. Executive Summary of the Global Neurosurgery Initiative at the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 1055-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Dewan ◽  
Abbas Rattani ◽  
Graham Fieggen ◽  
Miguel A. Arraez ◽  
Franco Servadei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Surgical Care ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Executive Summary ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Surgical Workforce ◽  
Low And Middle Income

OBJECTIVEWorldwide disparities in the provision of surgical care result in otherwise preventable disability and death. There is a growing need to quantify the global burden of neurosurgical disease specifically, and the workforce necessary to meet this demand.METHODSResults from a multinational collaborative effort to describe the global neurosurgical burden were aggregated and summarized. First, country registries, third-party modeled data, and meta-analyzed published data were combined to generate incidence and volume figures for 10 common neurosurgical conditions. Next, a global mapping survey was performed to identify the number and location of neurosurgeons in each country. Finally, a practitioner survey was conducted to quantify the proportion of disease requiring surgery, as well as the median number of neurosurgical cases per annum. The neurosurgical case deficit was calculated as the difference between the volume of essential neurosurgical cases and the existing neurosurgical workforce capacity.RESULTSEvery year, an estimated 22.6 million patients suffer from neurological disorders or injuries that warrant the expertise of a neurosurgeon, of whom 13.8 million require surgery. Traumatic brain injury, stroke-related conditions, tumors, hydrocephalus, and epilepsy constitute the majority of essential neurosurgical care worldwide. Approximately 23,300 additional neurosurgeons are needed to address more than 5 million essential neurosurgical cases—all in low- and middle-income countries—that go unmet each year. There exists a gross disparity in the allocation of the surgical workforce, leaving large geographic treatment gaps, particularly in Africa and Southeast Asia.CONCLUSIONSEach year, more than 5 million individuals suffering from treatable neurosurgical conditions will never undergo therapeutic surgical intervention. Populations in Africa and Southeast Asia, where the proportion of neurosurgeons to neurosurgical disease is critically low, are especially at risk. Increasing access to essential neurosurgical care in low- and middle-income countries via neurosurgical workforce expansion as part of surgical system strengthening is necessary to prevent severe disability and death for millions with neurological disease.

scholarly journals Some errors in gas analysis using the Haldane apparatus

1950 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Renbourn ◽  
J. McK. Ellison ◽  
L. M. Croton
Keyword(s):  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Estimation Bias ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Scale Division ◽  
Designed Experiments ◽  
Expected Result ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Marked Tendency

1. The paper represents an attempt to estimate the error of the standard 10 ml. Haldane gas analysis apparatus under routine conditions of use.2. The ultimate error of the instrument under optimum conditions has been obtained from duplicate mercury calibrations of the same instrument and corresponds to s.d. = 0·013% gas. A significant day-to-day variation in calibration was found.3. The accuracy in routine use has been determined by replicate estimations of CO2 and O2 in air and from estimation of CO2 in designed experiments. The data show an error corresponding to s.d. = 0·027 to 0·13%. This is far larger than that described by Haldane.4. Examination of the distribution of terminal digits in burette readings shows that the smallest scale division is in fact not being divided into ten parts by the worker. Preference for certain digits varies with the individual, with time, and with the accuracy required.5. There is a marked tendency for a worker to obtain an ‘expected result’, whether this is derived from a previous estimation of the same sample or from knowledge of the expected result; such bias tends to reduce the apparent error of estimation. Bias of replication—‘prejudice error’—may play a part in many forms of measurement.6. The results and conclusions are discussed in relation to other published data on errors of measurement in general.

scholarly journals Data reuse and the open data citation advantage

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Piwowar ◽  
Todd J Vision
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Microarray Data ◽  
Citation Rate ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Data Reuse ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Gene Expression Microarray ◽  
Expression Microarray ◽  
Gene Expression Microarray Data

BACKGROUND: Attribution to the original contributor upon reuse of published data is important both as a reward for data creators and to document the provenance of research findings. Previous studies have found that papers with publicly available datasets receive a higher number of citations than similar studies without available data. However, few previous analyses have had the statistical power to control for the many variables known to predict citation rate, which has led to uncertain estimates of the “citation boost”. Furthermore, little is known about patterns in data reuse over time and across datasets. METHOD AND RESULTS: Here, we look at citation rates while controlling for many known citation predictors, and investigate the variability of data reuse. In a multivariate regression on 10,555 studies that created gene expression microarray data, we found that studies that made data available in a public repository received 9% (95% confidence interval: 5% to 13%) more citations than similar studies for which the data was not made available. Date of publication, journal impact factor, open access status, number of authors, first and last author publication history, corresponding author country, institution citation history, and study topic were included as covariates. The citation boost varied with date of dataset deposition: a citation boost was most clear for papers published in 2004 and 2005, at about 30%. Authors published most papers using their own datasets within two years of their first publication on the dataset, whereas data reuse papers published by third-party investigators continued to accumulate for at least six years. To study patterns of data reuse directly, we compiled 9,724 instances of third party data reuse via mention of GEO or ArrayExpress accession numbers in the full text of papers. The level of third-party data use was high: for 100 datasets deposited in year 0, we estimated that 40 papers in PubMed reused a dataset by year 2, 100 by year 4, and more than 150 data reuse papers had been published by year 5. Data reuse was distributed across a broad base of datasets: a very conservative estimate found that 20% of the datasets deposited between 2003 and 2007 had been reused at least once by third parties. CONCLUSION: After accounting for other factors affecting citation rate, we find a robust citation benefit from open data, although a smaller one than previously reported. We conclude there is a direct effect of third-party data reuse that persists for years beyond the time when researchers have published most of the papers reusing their own data. Other factors that may also contribute to the citation boost are considered. We further conclude that, at least for gene expression microarray data, a substantial fraction of archived datasets are reused, and that the intensity of dataset reuse has been steadily increasing since 2003.

scholarly journals Data reuse and the open data citation advantage

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Piwowar ◽  
Todd J Vision
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Microarray Data ◽  
Citation Rate ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Data Reuse ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Gene Expression Microarray ◽  
Expression Microarray ◽  
Gene Expression Microarray Data

BACKGROUND: Attribution to the original contributor upon reuse of published data is important both as a reward for data creators and to document the provenance of research findings. Previous studies have found that papers with publicly available datasets receive a higher number of citations than similar studies without available data. However, few previous analyses have had the statistical power to control for the many variables known to predict citation rate, which has led to uncertain estimates of the “citation boost”. Furthermore, little is known about patterns in data reuse over time and across datasets. METHOD AND RESULTS: Here, we look at citation rates while controlling for many known citation predictors, and investigate the variability of data reuse. In a multivariate regression on 10,555 studies that created gene expression microarray data, we found that studies that made data available in a public repository received 9% (95% confidence interval: 5% to 13%) more citations than similar studies for which the data was not made available. Date of publication, journal impact factor, open access status, number of authors, first and last author publication history, corresponding author country, institution citation history, and study topic were included as covariates. The citation boost varied with date of dataset deposition: a citation boost was most clear for papers published in 2004 and 2005, at about 30%. Authors published most papers using their own datasets within two years of their first publication on the dataset, whereas data reuse papers published by third-party investigators continued to accumulate for at least six years. To study patterns of data reuse directly, we compiled 9,724 instances of third party data reuse via mention of GEO or ArrayExpress accession numbers in the full text of papers. The level of third-party data use was high: for 100 datasets deposited in year 0, we estimated that 40 papers in PubMed reused a dataset by year 2, 100 by year 4, and more than 150 data reuse papers had been published by year 5. Data reuse was distributed across a broad base of datasets: a very conservative estimate found that 20% of the datasets deposited between 2003 and 2007 had been reused at least once by third parties. CONCLUSION: After accounting for other factors affecting citation rate, we find a robust citation benefit from open data, although a smaller one than previously reported. We conclude there is a direct effect of third-party data reuse that persists for years beyond the time when researchers have published most of the papers reusing their own data. Other factors that may also contribute to the citation boost are considered. We further conclude that, at least for gene expression microarray data, a substantial fraction of archived datasets are reused, and that the intensity of dataset reuse has been steadily increasing since 2003.

scholarly journals Privacy Preservation in Sequential Published Social Networks Against Mutual Friend Attack

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 3731
Author(s):  
Jyothi Vadisala ◽  
Valli Kumari Vatsavayi
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Privacy Preservation ◽  
Dynamic Networks ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Dynamic Social Networks ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mutual Friend

In recent years the social networks are widely used the way of connecting people, interact with each other and share the information. The social network data is rich in content and the data are published for third party users such as researchers. The social interaction between individual’s changes rapidly as time changes so there is a need of privacy preserving in dynamic networks. An adversary can acquire some local knowledge about individuals in the network and can easily breach the privacy of a few victims. This paper mainly focuses on preserving privacy in sequential published network data where the adversary has some knowledge about the number of mutual friends of the target victims over a time period. The kw-Number of Mutual Friend Anonymization model is proposed to anonymize each sequential published network. In this privacy model, k indicates the privacy level and w is the time interval taken by the adversary to acquire the knowledge of the victim. By this approach the adversary cannot identify the victim by acquiring the knowledge of each sequential published data. The performance evaluation shows that the proposed approach can preserve many characteristics of the dynamic social networks.

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