Study on Paving the Road to NZEB on Two 18th Century Historical Blocks in Lisbon

The article deals with the work of Metropolitan of Moscow Platon II (worldly surname — Levshin) (1737–1812), who became famous not only as an outstanding preacher of the second half of the 18th century, but also as a historical writer. The well-known facts of his life and the creative history of works receive a new sound in the context of a spiritual biography; first of all — a strong connection to the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and a deep understanding of the spiritual experience of venerable Sergius of Radonezh. A comparative analysis of the text “On the Road to Schism” (1767) and “Brief History of the Russian Church” (1805) was undertaken, illustrating the path of spiritual growth. The author is presented not just as a widely educated person, but as a hierarch, vigilantly expanding his spiritual horizon. Changes in genre priorities and lexical and stylistic features, adherence to certain literary traditions, the dominance of a national idea, proximity to Church Slavonic sources and ancient Russian literary tradition are traced. One of the key roles of the spiritual heritage of Metropolitan Platon II in the historical and literary process of the second half of the 18th century is confirmed.

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The Culture of Travel in Edo-Period Japan

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.72 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Goree

Keyword(s):

Material Culture ◽

Lived Experience ◽

Travel Literature ◽

Publishing Industry ◽

18Th Century ◽

17Th Century ◽

Japanese Culture ◽

Edo Period ◽

The Road ◽

Woodblock Printing

The expansion of travel transformed Japanese culture during the Edo period (1603–1867). After well over a century of political turmoil, unprecedented stability under Tokugawa rule established the conditions for men and women from all levels of the hierarchical society to travel safely for purposes as varied as the cultural consequences of a country increasingly on the move. Starting in the first half of the 17th century, institutionalized forms of compulsory travel for the highest-ranking samurai and a limited number of elite foreigners made for conspicuous political spectacle and prompted the Tokugawa shogunate to develop and maintain an extensive system of roads, post-towns, checkpoints, and sea routes. Prompted by the economic prosperity of the Genroku era (1688–1704) in the late 17th century, an ever-growing portion of the population, including commoners from cities and villages, took advantage of newfound leisure to embark on journeys for pilgrimage, medical treatment, and sightseeing. This change was accompanied by the expansion of tourism, which grew into a sophisticated commercial enterprise in the 18th century. Poets, writers, painters, performers, and scholars took to the road throughout the Edo period for artistic and intellectual pursuits, often as teachers or students, generating and spreading culture where they went. With an astonishing output of travel literature, guidebooks, maps, and woodblock prints featuring landscapes, a thriving commercial publishing industry, which first blossomed in the Genroku era, used woodblock printing technology to popularize travel in increasingly diverse ways. Together with such influential forms of print, the things that people wore, packed, bought, enjoyed, and rode while traveling formed a rich body of material culture that reveals the lived experience of travel for the duration of Tokugawa rule.

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The Complex Web of Othernesses in Marcus Gardley’s Play The Road Weeps, the Well Runs Dry

Societies ◽

10.3390/soc8040104 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Claus-Peter Neumann

Keyword(s):

Identity Formation ◽

18Th Century ◽

Indian Territory ◽

The Road ◽

Black Seminole ◽

New Community ◽

Main Component

Marcus Gardley’s play The Road Weeps, the Well Runs Dry (2013) traces the development of a Black Seminole community in the Indian Territory from 1850 to 1866, with occasional flashbacks to the days of the Seminoles’ removal from Florida. Rather than positing a unified ethnicity, the action reveals a complex web of Othernesses, including characters identified as “black”, others as “full-blood Seminole”, and still others as “black and Seminole”. Given the lack of ethnic unity, the new community constructs an identity in its distinction from and enmity with the neighboring Creeks, pointing to an underlying irony since the Creeks actually represent a main component in the ethnogenesis of the Seminoles in the 18th century. By calling attention to this simulacrum of Otherness, the play questions identity formation based on difference from an Other. Finally, Christian and pagan beliefs and customs live side by side in the community and compete for dominance over it. The multiple frictions caused by inner-group disputes, external conflicts with a constructed Other and religious discord lead to outbursts of violence that threaten to tear the community apart. Only a re-integration of its component parts can save it.

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An 18th-century road in Glen Arklet

Scottish Archaeological Journal ◽

10.3366/saj.2012.0038 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 34-35 (1) ◽

pp. 81-97

Author(s):

Jürgen Van Wessel

Keyword(s):

18Th Century ◽

Road Building ◽

The Road ◽

Forestry Commission ◽

Topographic Survey ◽

Two Phases ◽

The Military ◽

Later Phase

This paper reports on a recent programme of archaeological works on an 18th century road in Glen Arklet, Buchanan Parish, Stirling. The work was undertaken by Headland Archaeology in 2010–11 on behalf of Forestry Commission Scotland. A detailed topographic survey and four test trenches revealed at least two phases of construction, and signs of ongoing maintenance. In combination with the results of earlier fieldwork and a fresh review of literary evidence, it is argued that at least the later phase was likely to have been built by the military in the first half of the 18th century to improve communications to the Garrison of Inversnaid. However, the road was neither designed nor constructed as part of the Wade/Caulfield network, and demonstrates that smaller scale road building was undertaken by the military during the first half of the 18th century.

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The Singing Coachman or, The Road and Russia's Ethnographic Invention in Early Modern Times

Journal of Early Modern History ◽

10.1163/157006507780385044 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 11 (1-2) ◽

pp. 33-61

Author(s):

John Randolph

Keyword(s):

Early Modern ◽

Travel Writing ◽

18Th Century ◽

The State ◽

National Character ◽

Modern Times ◽

The Road ◽

Late 18Th Century ◽

History Of ◽

Early Modern Times

AbstractScholars agree that the first modern ethnographic traditions surrounding Russia developed in travel accounts written by foreigners in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. These laid the foundations for a 'national turn' in Russian belles-lettres in the late 18th century. Yet scholars have paid relatively little attention to the history of the coach system, known as the iam, that made travel writing about Muscovy possible. Many foreign travelers—as well as Imperial Russian hommes des lettres —were fascinated by the figures of Russia's iamshchiki, the state peasants who manned the state-organized coach system. The lives and expressions of these coachmen were often taken as proxies for Russia's national character. This article describes this process, demonstrating how the iam system provided a practical as well as a symbolic frame for the making of early conceptions of Russian nationality.

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İznik Çini Fırınları Kazı Buluntularından Çini Örneklerin Değerlendirilmesi / Evaluation of Iznik Tiles Examples from Iznik Tile Excavation

Journal of History Culture and Art Research ◽

10.7596/taksad.v7i1.1450 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 578 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Belgin Demirsar Arlı

Keyword(s):

18Th Century ◽

Eastern Region ◽

The Road ◽

Baked Goods ◽

Golden Horn ◽

New Information ◽

Ceramic Art ◽

Form Design ◽

Excavation Work ◽

Production Form

AbstractIznik Excavations, which deal with the historical and cultural heritage of Iznik collectively and in various aspects, are examined in two periods. First period excavations were started with the studies of Dr. Oktay Aslanapa’s Orhan İmaret and Bath. After two years studying in the Orhan Imaret, the researches were directed on tiles and ceramics that provided the original fame to Iznik. It was aimed to identify the production centers and techniques of the Ottoman ceramics and tiles, which were named according to the places where they were bought, and to open the kilns and workshops where they were produced. With the excavation and drilling activities carried out regularly, including 1969; with the deformation and burnt fragments, semi-finished fragments, baked goods, as well as furnace residues that have collapsed while being filled inside it is proved to scientific community that while the Ottoman ceramics which are tried to be defined with names such as Miletus ware, Golden Horn ware, Damascus ware, Rhodes ware, it was defined that the main and important production center of their is İznik,Because of the team concentrated on Van Excavation, the researches were ended in İznik 1969, but the kiln ruins emerged during the road studies in 1980 conduced to restart of the studies with the name of II. Period and Iznik Tile Kilns Excavation in 1981. Since 1981, three years had been devoted to drilling in a very wide area in the empty spaces. In 1983, the regular excavations were started with the drilling activities executed in the eastern region of II. Murat Bath which was coded as BHD, also known as the Municipal Baths gives rich finds.As a result of the excavation work concentrated on the specified area, many finds from the period in which production continued here between the conquest of the city in 1331 and the beginning of the 18th century were unearthed. Besides the confirmation of the data previously collected about Iznik tile and ceramic art, these finds contributed to obtaining new information in terms of technique/production, form, design and composition.This studyaimstoin traduce the interesting tile finds uncovered in Iznik Excavations and to conduct and evaluation. We will concentrate on the similarities between the tiles unearthed in the excavations and the tiles used in the Ottoman Era buildings and the pieces we know from the collections. Özİznik’in tarihi ve kültürel mirasını toplu olarak ve çeşitli yönleriyle ele alan İznik Kazıları iki dönem halinde incelenir. I. Dönem çalışmaları Prof. Dr. Oktay Aslanapa’nın Orhan İmareti ve Hamamı Kazısı ile başlamıştır. İki sezon süren Orhan İmareti çalışmalarının ardından İznik’e asıl ününü sağlayan çini ve seramikle ilgili araştırmalara yönelinmiştir. Çalışmalarda genellikle satın alındıkları yerlere göre isimlendirilen Osmanlı seramik ve çinilerinin üretim merkezlerini ve tekniklerini tespit yanında, üretildikleri fırın ve atölyeleri de açığa çıkarmak amaçlanmıştır. 1969 yılı da dâhil olmak üzere düzenli olarak sürdürülen kazı ve sondaj çalışmalarıyla; Milet işi, Haliç işi, Şam işi, Rodos işi gibi isimlerle tanımlanmaya çalışılan Osmanlı seramik ve çinilerinin asıl ve önemli üretim merkezinin İznik olduğu, deforme ve yanık parçalar, yarı mamul fragmanlar, pişirim malzemeleri yanında içi doluyken çökmüş durumda bulunan fırın kalıntılarıyla bilim çevrelerine kanıtlanmıştır. 1969 yılından itibaren ekibin Van Kazısına ağırlık vermesi nedeniyle İznik’te son verilen araştırmalara, 1980 yılındaki yol çalışmaları sırasında ortaya çıkan fırın kalıntısının değerlendirilmesinin ardından, 1981 yılından itibaren II. Dönem ve İznik Çini Fırınları Kazısı adı ile yeniden başlanmıştır. 1981 yılından itibaren üç yıl oldukça geniş bir ekiple boş alanlardaki sondajlara ağırlık verilmiştir. 1983 yılında, BHD olarak kodladığımız Belediye Hamamı olarak da bilinen II. Murat Hamamı’nın doğusundaki alanda yapılan sondajların zengin buluntu vermesiyle düzenli kazı çalışmalarına bu bölgede başlanmıştır.Söz konusu alanda yoğunlaşan kazı çalışmalarımız sonucunda, kentin fethedildiği 1331 yılından burada üretimin sürdüğü XVIII. yüzyıl başlarına kadar uzayan sürede İznik’te Osmanlı çini ve seramik üretiminin bütün üslup dönemlerine ait çok sayıda buluntu ele geçirilmiştir. Bu buluntular, İznik çini ve seramik sanatına ilişkin önceden bilinen bilgilerin doğrulanmasının yanı sıra teknik/üretim, form, desen ve kompozisyon açısından yeni bilgilere ulaşmamızı sağlamıştır.Bu çalışmada, İznik Kazılarında ele geçen çini buluntuların ilgi çekicilerinin tanıtılması ve değerlendirmelerinin yapılması amaçlanmaktadır. Kazı buluntusu çinilerin, Osmanlı Dönemi yapılarında kullanılan çiniler ve koleksiyonlardan tanınan parçalarla benzerlikleri üzerinde durulacaktır.

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L’esempio europeo e le idee pedagogiche degli scrittori bulgari durante il Risorgimento nazionale (XVIII – prima metà del XIX secolo)

Espacio Tiempo y Educación ◽

10.14516/ete.122 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Milka Nikolova Terziyska-Stefanova

Keyword(s):

18Th Century ◽

Mother Tongue ◽

International Study ◽

Well Being ◽

Educational Thought ◽

The Road ◽

Spiritual Well Being ◽

National Leaders ◽

The One ◽

Main Ideas

This article aims to explore and analyze the essence and nature of the pedagogical thought in Bulgaria during the Bulgarian National Revival as a basis for educational reform. Objectivity requires pedagogical ideas to be considered in the context of overall socio-political and cultural life in the country on the one hand, and amid universal spiritual revival in Europe on the other. These tasks could be undertaken by a major international study, which is why we consider some of the questions highlighting this topic – the positive example of Europe on educational thought in the country presented by Bulgarian writers in the 18th century through the first half of the 19th century.The achievements of free European nations developing in all spheres of life were perceived by Bulgarian Renaissance writers as an incentive to overcome the age-old material and spiritual backwardness of the Bulgarians by the power of knowledge. In their activity they proceeded from a clearly motivated purpose: to contribute by educating citizens about spiritual awakening and rise of the Bulgarian nation. According to them, mass secular education in their native language was the road that would take the Bulgarians from their present slavery and provide them with material and spiritual well-being, like in other European nations.The need for secular books and secular schools to be taught in the mother tongue was one of the main ideas of Bulgarian writers during the Renaissance. Their mouthpieces were mainly clergymen, who perceived their role as national leaders and educators. Alongside the emerging secular intelligentsia, they actively contributed to the spiritual and cultural advancement of the Bulgarian nation and its integration into European civilization.An enlightened, free and independent Bulgaria was the ideal of our Renaissance leaders P. Hilendarski, G. S. Rakovski and Hr. Botev. While the revolutionary figures from the late 19th century thought that this could be achieved through armed struggle, the writers from the 18th and early 19th centuries were convinced that the power of knowledge would transform the Bulgarian nation, which would equal or surpass other Balkan, Slavic and European nations in terms of education and incorporate them. The Bulgarian writers of the 18th and early 19th centuries vocalised the general aspiration for national awakening through education. Through their literary and educational activities, the Bulgarian National Revival was rooted in and approved a new educational ideal, subject to the struggle for national self-determination.

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Humanitarian Terrorism as a Higher and Last Stage of Asymmetric War

Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences ◽

10.30727/0235-1188-2020-63-1-66-84 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 66-84

Author(s):

Boris N. Kashnikov

Keyword(s):

18Th Century ◽

Just War ◽

Just War Theory ◽

The Road ◽

The Core ◽

The Enlightenment ◽

Asymmetric War ◽

Third Stage ◽

Three Stages ◽

Last Stage

The articles reviews the problem of humanitarian terrorism that is a terrorism of self-proclaimed humanitarian goals and self-inflicted constraints. This type of terrorism justifies itself by lofty aspirations and claims that its actions are targeted killings of guilty individuals only. This terrorism is the product of the Enlightenment, it emerged by the end of the 18th century and passed three stages in its development. The first stage is the classical terror of the Jacobins 1793–1794. The second one is Russian revolutionary terror of the end of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The third stage is the contemporary American warfare waged by the unmanned aerial vehicles, called drones. From the perspective of the contemporary just war theory, this terrorism is not only morally superior to the ordinary primitive terrorism of straightforward attacks on civilians (this terrorism may be no less fair in terms of self-imposed goals, but is doubtful in terms of means), but even contemporary war. Terrorists of this type kill the few but teach a lesson to many. But it must be clearly born in mind that humanitarian terrorism is not only the summit of just war but also the summit of absolute war. It is founded in personal and individual enmity, which makes the core of absolute enmity. Absolute enmity may at times be inevitable and even justified, but it blocks the road to peace. Revengeful spite, stemming from absolute enmity, is capable of creating its own phantoms of justice, propelling the war. The author concludes that the vicious circle is thus completed. The logic of just war drags in the direction humanitarian terrorism, humanitarian terrorism drags in the mire of absolute enmity. Absolute enmity proclaims just war.

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Excavations on the Route of the Dalkeith Northern Bypass, 1994-95 and 2006

Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports ◽

10.9750/issn.1773-3803.2010.44 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Dunwell ◽

Michael Cressey ◽

Kirsty Cameron ◽

Richard Strachan ◽

Ian Suddaby ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

18Th Century ◽

Settlement Pattern ◽

Ring Groove ◽

Narrow Strip ◽

The Road ◽

Industrial Sites ◽

River Terraces ◽

Compacted Clays ◽

Brick And Tile

An evaluation and subsequent targeted excavations were carried out along the route of the proposed A68 Dalkeith Northern Bypass by the Centre for Field Archaeology (CFA) between September 1994 and March 1995, with additional watching briefs taking place in 1997. The work was commissioned by Historic Scotland on behalf of the Roads Directorate of the Scottish Office Industry Department. The bypass was not constructed at the time, and further pre-construction mitigation work was recommended in 2005, with fieldwork being carried out in 2006-08 by CFA Archaeology Ltd, for Historic Scotland on behalf of Transport Scotland.This report describes the results of the evaluations and each excavation individually. The route traverses a narrow strip of the Lothian plain which contained several prehistoric sites (two ring-groove structures, a stone-paved area and two pit alignments), a Roman temporary camp, a post-medieval building, an 18th-century designed landscape, and two industrial sites (a brick and tile works and a coal pit engine house). Several sites also produced ephemeral remains of earlier or later date. Overall, the results indicated a settlement pattern and land use which concentrated on the sands and gravels of the river terraces, with far less settlement on the unforgiving compacted clays which otherwise characterise large parts of the road corridor.

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