scholarly journals Physio-morphological Characteristics of Soil of Akure, Ondo State SW, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-97
Author(s):  
B. F. Dada ◽  
B. S. Ewulo ◽  
M. A. Awodun ◽  
T. D. Adebisi ◽  
S. O. Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Rooting Depth

Soil physical properties influence soil water infiltration rate, plant rooting depth, amount of available water, air and nutrients which are of utmost importance in agricultural production and, hence there is need to describe in-situ spatial organization and physical properties of soil in Akure. Sixteen profile pits were dug. The soils were characterized and described on the field and samples collected for textural analysis. The area occurs on level plain with little slope gradient, the surface horizons (A1 and A­2) were weak medium crumby to moderate medium crumby structures while the subsurface horizons (Bt1 and Bt2­) showed moderate medium blocky structure. The soils are generally deep and well drained at the top soil with coarse texture; the subsoils are characterized by prominent presence of mottles, which suggest that the subsoils are poorly drained. The distribution of clay content increased with soil depth for all pedons. Most of the Pedons had reddish gray colour (2.5YR 4/1) and dull reddish brown 2.5YR 4/3 at the surface horizons (A1 and A2), over brownish colour (7.5YR 4/4) and dull reddish brown (5YR 4/4) sub soil. The particle size distribution revealed that sand dominated the particle size fraction of the soil in all the profiles, which could be managed with appropriate organic manure.

ÉTUDE COMPARATIVE DE L'AGRÉGATION ET DE LA MATIÈRE ORGANIQUE ASSOCIÉE AUX FRACTIONS GRANULOMÉTRIQUES DE SEPT SOLS SOUS CULTURE DE MAÏS OU EN PRAIRIE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ELUSTONDO ◽  
M. R. LAVERDIÈRE ◽  
D. A. ANGERS ◽  
A. N'DAYEGAMIYE
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Water Stable Aggregates ◽  
Continuous Corn

Water-stable aggregation and organic matter associated with particle-size fractions were compared for seven pairs of soils that were either under meadow or continuous corn cropping for more than 5 yr. Soils that have remained under meadow contained 25 and 29% more carbon and nitrogen than those under continuous corn. Carbon contents of the sand- and silt-size fractions were also 61 and 15% higher, respectively, under meadow than under continuous corn. The cropping system had no significant effect on the carbon and nitrogen contents of the clay-size fractions. The amount of water-stable aggregates (> 1 mm) was on average 34% higher in soils under meadow than in soils under corn cropping. Significant correlations were found between water-stable aggregates and total C (r = 0.77) and C in sand-size fraction (r = 0.79). The results also indicate that the beneficial effect of meadow over continuous corn on soil aggregation increases as soil clay content increases. Key words: Aggregation, organic matter, particle-size fractions, corn, meadow

Soil Physical Properties of Tied Ridges in the Sudan Savannah of Burkina Faso

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Hulugalle ◽  
M. S. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Maize Varieties

SUMMARYThe soil physical properties of tied ridges were measured in a trial, established in 1983, comparing three treatments: handhoe cultivation and planting on the flat; planting directly without any cultivation on tied ridges constructed the previous year; and handhoe cultivation and remoulding of tied ridges constructed the previous year. Two maize varieties and two management levels were used. The soil properties monitored were particle size distribution, penetro-meter resistance in the surface 20 mm, bulk density, water infiltration, soil water retention and soil temperature.Soil physical properties were affected mainly by the type of seedbed. Clay content in the surface 0.05 m was greater with tied ridging, with that in the furrows being higher than that in the ridge slopes. Daily maximum soil temperature was greatest in the flat planted plots and in the ridge slopes of the tied ridged plots. Penetrometer resistance at a soil water content of 0.05 kg kg−1 was greater in the tied ridged plots. Cumulative infiltration after 2 h was greatest with flat planting. The bulk density of ridge slopes in tied ridged plots was less than that in the furrows and in the flat planted plots. Soil water retention was greatest in the furrows of the tied ridged plots. Clay content was the major factor determining all the soil physical properties measured.

scholarly journals The Peranan Pergerakan Air Dalam-Tanah dalam Menurunkan Aliran Permukaan

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-300
Author(s):  
Enni Dwi Wahjunie ◽  
Dwi Putro Tejo Baskoro ◽  
Suria Darma Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Infiltration Capacity

The main cause of flooding and erosion that creates critical land in various regions in Indonesia is surface runoff. The surface runoff will occur if rainfall exceeds the capacity of soil water absorption (infiltration capacity). The soil management of each land use could improve the infiltration capacity. The water movement both on the surface and in the soil determines the water infiltration. This study predicts surface runoff based on the infiltration rate of various land uses and rainfall in the Ciliwung Watershed. A series of studies were performed in the upstream and middle areas of the watershed. Observations of soil properties, water movement, and rainfall were carried out in various dry land uses. The results showed that the soil's physical properties mostly determine the constant infiltration rate, which affected the water movement in the ground. The initial water content, the degree of saturation of the initial moisture content, and the soil's physical properties determine the time of constant infiltration rate. The value of constant rate infiltration and the time of its achievement define the amount of surface runoff that occurs. Keywords: hydraulic conductivity, run off, soil management, time achievement of infiltration capacity

scholarly journals Erosion Effect on Soil Physical Properties in Selected Farmlands in Gidan Kwano, Niger State

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 10-22
Author(s):  
Abdulkadir Abdullahi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Cumulative Infiltration

The study was conducted to investigate if erosion is a major problem and to identify the effect of erosion on some physical properties on selected farmlands on four farms in Gidan kwano. It was done by observation, interview, and questionnaire and soil sample analysis. The infiltration rate, bulk density, porosity, organic matter content, particle size and aggregate stability were determined for all the sample location. The erosion fields results were compared with the results of the non-eroded fields. The results showed that farming was done with simple method and mechanized equipment when available and erosion was considered a major problem in all the farms. The results revealed that bulk density values ranged between 1.475gcm-3and 1.606gcm-3, cumulative infiltration rate fluctuated between 29.75cm/hr and 37.48cm/hr, porosity ranged between 36.49% and 44.34%, organic matter content fluctuated between 0.29% and 0.73% and aggregate stability ranged between 58.00% and 67.60% for the erosion field. The results also revealed that bulk density fluctuated between 1.458gcm-3and 1.544gcm-3, cumulative infiltration rate ranged between 32.19 cm/hr and 40.48cm/hr, porosity fluctuated between 41.73% and 44.98%, organic matter content ranged between 0.30% and 1.09% and aggregate stability ranged between 63.97% and 68.93% for the non-eroded field. From the results, it provides evidence that the effects of erosion on the physical properties were increased bulk density, decreased infiltration rate, organic matter content, porosity, aggregate stability and percentage sand, silt and clay content. Statistical analysis proved that the results were significant (p<0.05) except for the bulk density and porosity which could be attributed to the swelling and compaction characteristics of the soils.

scholarly journals Effect of treated wastewater on soil chemical and physical properties in an arid region

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 335-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Abedi-Koupai ◽  
B. Mostafazadeh-Fard ◽  
M. Afyuni ◽  
M.R. Bagheri
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Isfahan Province ◽  
Cu And Zn

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of treated wastewater on soil chemical and physical properties. Field experiment was conducted in Borkhar region in Isfahan province in central Iran with two water treatments of wastewater and groundwater under sprinkler and surface irrigation systems for three crops of sugar beet, corn and sunflower. Soil samples were collected to 120 cm depth to determine concentration of lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Irrigation systems had no significant effect on extractable heavy metals in soil. The accumulation of Pb, Mn, Ni and Co in the soil increased significantly in the wastewater treatment as compared to the groundwater treatment. The accumulation of Pb, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu and Zn decreases with the soil depth. Treated wastewater showed no effect on the increase of Fe, Cd, Ni, Cu and Zn during growing season. The irrigation system had a significant effect on infiltration rate, bulk density and total porosity. Under sprinkler irrigation system the infiltration rate increased significantly

scholarly journals Using Reflectance Spectroscopy and Artificial Neural Network to Assess Water Infiltration Rate into the Soil Profile

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naftali Goldshleger ◽  
Alexandra Chudnovsky ◽  
Eyal Ben-Dor
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Spectral Properties ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Pls Regression ◽  
Artificial Neural

We explored the effect of raindrop energy on both water infiltration into soil and the soil's NIR-SWIR spectral reflectance (1200–2400 nm). Seven soils with different physical and morphological properties from Israel and the US were subjected to an artificial rainstorm. The spectral properties of the crust formed on the soil surface were analyzed using an artificial neural network (ANN). Results were compared to a study with the same population in which partial least-squares (PLS) regression was applied. It was concluded that both models (PLS regression and ANN) are generic as they are based on properties that correlate with the physical crust, such as clay content, water content and organic matter. Nonetheless, better results for the connection between infiltration rate and spectral properties were achieved with the non-linear ANN technique in terms of statistical values (RMSE of 17.3% for PLS regression and 10% for ANN). Furthermore, although both models were run at the selected wavelengths and their accuracy was assessed with an independent external group of samples, no pre-processing procedure was applied to the reflectance data when using ANN. As the relationship between infiltration rate and soil reflectance is not linear, ANN methods have the advantage for examining this relationship when many soils are being analyzed.

scholarly journals Water infiltration into soil related to the soil tillage intensity

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kroulík ◽  
J. Hůla ◽  
R. Šindelář ◽  
F. Illek
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Direct Drilling

Soil infiltration capacity is one of the key factors in the soil protection against unfavourable effects of water erosion. The purpose of its measuring was to compare and evaluate the changes of the soil physical properties and of water infiltration into soil caused by different intensity of soil cultivation at two individual sites. The ploughing (PL), shallow tillage (ST), and direct drilling (NT) effects on the soil physical properties, water infiltration into soil, and soil surface coverage with the crop residua under the soil condition loamy Haplic Luvisol, with long-term growing of maize (Zea mays L.) - Agroservis, 1<sup>st</sup> Agricultural, a.s., Vi&scaron;ňov&eacute; - and clay soil of Calcic Chernozem (Cooperative farm Klap&yacute;), were compared. Soil bulk density values in the variant with ploughing showed in the depth up to 0.20 m considerably lower values as compared with the variants shallow tillage and direct drilling. Nevertheless, in the subsoil layer the bulk density of soil in the variant with ploughing increased in comparison with other variants. The results were also confirmed by the cone index values. At the plots in Vi&scaron;ňov&eacute; the infiltration was evaluated utilising the double ring infiltrometer, and by means of the coloured water infiltration. The results revealed significant differences in the water infiltration rate at various stages of the soil loosening. The highest average values were recorded for ploughing (1.00 dm<sup>3</sup>/min). The lowest values were found for the shallow soil tillage (0.18 dm<sup>3</sup>/min). The variant with direct drilling showed values of 0.53 dm<sup>3</sup>/min. The coloured water infiltration evaluation showed a different character of water flow in soil. The variant with ploughing showed water saturation in the top layer, the variants with reduced tillage were characterised by vertical macropores and crack effects with the water drain into deeper layers. Ploughing proved its advantage for the short-term rainfall retention. Similar results were also brought in the evaluation on the plot with clay soil (Klap&yacute;). The loosening effect was evident during coloured water infiltration in the period of snow thawing. The loosed soil layer showed a significantly higher soil water holding capacity as compared with variants with reduced soil tillage. The result showed major differences in the water infiltration rate into soil and different characters of water infiltration into soil at different soil tillage.

Drop infiltration dynamics of anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants into hydrophobic soils: effect of the particle size distribution 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thuc Nguyen ◽  
Gilboa Arye
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Drop Height ◽  
Base Diameter ◽  
Droplet Infiltration

&lt;p&gt;Surfactants have been long used to aid water infiltration into hydrophobic soils since it can reduce the surface tension of water and consequently, the contact angle (CA) form at the solid-liquid-air interface. The degree of soil hydrophobicity is commonly engaged with direct or indirect measurements of the apparent initial advancing CA which is not necessarily correlated with infiltration characteristics of aqueous surfactant solutions. The main objective of this study was to quantify the dynamics of surfactant drop penetration into hydrophobic soils. Three surfactants were examined: anionic (SDS), cationic (CTAB), and nonionic (TX100) at aqueous concentrations of 0.4, 0.8, 1, and 2 C/CMC (where C is the bulk concentration and CMC is critical micelle concentration). Sand with the particle size distribution of 100-210, 425-500, and 600-700 &amp;#956;m was hydrophobized using Leonardite (IHSS). Each run was initiated by placing a 30 &amp;#956;L droplet on the soil surface that was packed into quartz cuvette (2.5&amp;#215;2.5&amp;#215;4 cm). The droplet infiltration dynamics were monitored by an optical goniometer (OCA 20, DataPhysics, Germany), specifically, the drop height, drop base diameter, and CA as a function of time. Notable differences between droplet infiltration characteristics of the three surfactants could be observed. For a given particle fraction, the TX100 and SDS, at concentrations above and below the CMC, the CA and drop height decreased while the drop base diameter increased, suggesting that spreading took place during infiltration. For the CTAB, a significant lag-phase could be observed for all quantities, ranging from 100 to 1000. Following this phase, the drop height and CA showed a relatively gradual decrease while the base diameter exhibited minor changes, suggesting minor changes in solution spreading on the soil surface. Additional observation and interpretation on infiltration characteristics of aqueous surfactants solution will be presented and their implications for enhanced infiltration rate in hydrophobic soils will be discussed. &amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT DEPTHS OF PLOWING ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A CLAY SOIL AT GUYENNE, QUEBEC

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-185
Author(s):  
J. R. Lessard ◽  
H. A. Hamilton ◽  
M. Levesque ◽  
S. J. Bourget
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Different Depths

An experiment was initiated in 1955 to study the effect of plowing to depths of 6, 12 and 24 inches on the physical properties of a Guyenne clay soil. A 4-year crop rotation was established. Soil core samples were taken in 1957, 1959 and 1960 and determinations of bulk density and porosities were made. The soil particle-size distribution was determined for all tillage treatments in 1960.Plowing to a depth of 24 inches resulted in higher bulk density and lower non-capifiary porosity values in the surface 6-inch soil layer of soil than the 6- and 12-inch plowing. The 18- to 24-inch soil layer was less packed than the corresponding undisturbed layers at the same depth, as a result of deep tillage. The clay content of the 0- to 6-inch layer of soil was also increased by 24-inch plowing. Year-to-year data showed the importance of seasonal climatic conditions on the soil physical properties.

Particle Size Effects on Concentration of Metals in Lake Erie Bottom Sediments

1984 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Mudroch
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Surface Sediment ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Sediment Samples

Abstract Surface sediment samples obtained at the offshore and nearshore area of Lake Erie were separated into eight different size fractions ranging from &lt;2 µm to 250 µm. The concentration of major elements (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn and P), metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, V, Co and Pb) and organic matter was determined together with the mineralogical composition and morphology of the particles in each size fraction. The distribution of the metals in the offshore sediment was bimodal with the majority of the metals divided between the 63 to 250 um size fraction which also contained the highest concentration of organic matter (about 20%) and the &lt;4 µm fraction containing up to 60% of clay minerals. However, the metals in the nearshore sediment were associated mainly with the clay minerals.

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