scholarly journals Recent Modalities in the Diagnosis of Obesity

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
V. V. S. S. Sagar ◽  
A. K. Wanjari ◽  
Sourya Acharya ◽  
Sunil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Nuclear Medicine Imaging ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Increased Risk

Obesity has been an emerging health problem worldwide which has a major impact on public health. It is associated with medical, psychosocial and economic implications with increasing prevalence among both adult and paediatric population. Obesity led to an increased risk of medical conditions like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, insulin resistance and sleep apnoea. Obesity has a major impact on cardiovascular system causing structural and functional changes leading to cardiac dysfunction. Hence it is important to diagnose obesity at the earliest for timely prevention of associated complications. Apart from routine diagnostic methods for obesity like body mass index, anthropometry (waist circumference, hip circumference, neck circumference), several recent modalities were described for the diagnosis of obesity like radioimaging, nuclear medicine imaging which will be described in detail in this review article. MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) aids in the detection of adipose tissue at various sites and organs, whereas MRS (Magnetic resonance spectroscopy) helps in mapping of small quantity of lipids. MRI helps in delineating ectopic adipose tissue accumulation establishing that obesity alone is not a major cause for derangement in metabolic profile. An additional advantage is MRI brain is an excellent imaging guide for studying the role of central appetite regulatory systems in the occurrence of obesity. Sonography is not accurate in the estimation of hepatic steatosis. But advancements in sonographic modalities gives an extra edge in evaluation of hepatic steatosis by availing special physical characteristics such as stiffness of adipose tissue and its sound absorption. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) (Nuclear medicine imaging) helps in studying central pathophysiology, activity of brown adipose tissue and disruption of gut-brain homeostasis.

scholarly journals Treatment with atrial natriuretic peptide induces adipose tissue browning and exerts thermogenic actions in vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruka Kimura ◽  
Tomohisa Nagoshi ◽  
Yuhei Oi ◽  
Akira Yoshii ◽  
Yoshiro Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Ucp1 Expression ◽  
Tissue Browning

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests natriuretic peptides (NPs) coordinate inter-organ metabolic crosstalk with adipose tissues and play a critical role in energy metabolism. We recently reported A-type NP (ANP) raises intracellular temperature in cultured adipocytes in a low-temperature-sensitive manner. We herein investigated whether exogenous ANP-treatment exerts a significant impact on adipose tissues in vivo. Mice fed a high-fat-diet (HFD) or normal-fat-diet (NFD) for 13 weeks were treated with or without ANP infusion subcutaneously for another 3 weeks. ANP-treatment significantly ameliorated HFD-induced insulin resistance. HFD increased brown adipose tissue (BAT) cell size with the accumulation of lipid droplets (whitening), which was suppressed by ANP-treatment (re-browning). Furthermore, HFD induced enlarged lipid droplets in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), crown-like structures in epididymal WAT, and hepatic steatosis, all of which were substantially attenuated by ANP-treatment. Likewise, ANP-treatment markedly increased UCP1 expression, a specific marker of BAT, in iWAT (browning). ANP also further increased UCP1 expression in BAT with NFD. Accordingly, cold tolerance test demonstrated ANP-treated mice were tolerant to cold exposure. In summary, exogenous ANP administration ameliorates HFD-induced insulin resistance by attenuating hepatic steatosis and by inducing adipose tissue browning (activation of the adipose tissue thermogenic program), leading to in vivo thermogenesis during cold exposure.

scholarly journals URAT1-selective inhibition ameliorates insulin resistance by attenuating diet-induced hepatic steatosis and BAT whitening in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Tanaka ◽  
T Nagoshi ◽  
A Yoshii ◽  
Y Oi ◽  
H Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Selective Inhibition ◽  
Selective Inhibitor ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Brown Adipose

Abstract Background Accumulating evidence suggests that high uric acid is strongly associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome and drives the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance. Although urate transporter-1 (URAT1), which is primarily expressed in the kidney, plays a critical role in the development of hyperuricemia, its pathophysiological implication in NAFLD and insulin resistance remains unclear. Objectives We hypothesizes that URAT1 plays an important role in obesity-induced metabolic disorders, and URAT1-selective inhibitor treatment ameliorates systemic insulin resistance, NAFLD and adipose tissue dysfunction using diet-induced obese mice. Methods Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 to 18 weeks or a normal-fat diet (NFD) were treated with or without a novel oral URAT1-selective inhibitor (dotinurad [50 mg/kg/day]) for another 4 weeks. Results Dotinurad administration significantly ameliorated HFD-induced obesity and insulin resistance. We found that URAT1 was also expressed in the liver and brown adipose tissue (BAT) other than kidney. HFD markedly induced NAFLD, which was characterized by severe hepatic steatosis, as well as the elevation of serum ALT activity and tissue inflammatory cytokine genes (Ccl2 and TNFα), all of which were attenuated by dotinurad. Likewise, HFD significantly increased URAT1 expression in BAT, resulting in the lipid accumulation (whitening of BAT) and increased production of tissue reactive oxygen species, which were reduced by dotinurad via UCP1 activation. Conclusions A novel URAT1-selective inhibitor, dotinurad, ameliorates insulin resistance by attenuating hepatic steatosis and promoting rebrowning of lipid-rich BAT in HFD-induced obese mice. URAT1 serves as a key regulator of the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome, and may be a new therapeutic target for insulin-resistant individuals, particularly those with concomitant NAFLD. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

scholarly journals Antioxidant effects of N-acetylcysteine prevent programmed metabolic disease in mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
Maureen J. Charron ◽  
Lyda Williams ◽  
Yoshinori Seki ◽  
Xiu Quan Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Leptin Resistance ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Insulin Tolerance ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Increased Risk

An adverse maternal <i>in utero</i> environment can program offspring for increased risk for metabolic disease. The aim of this study was to determine whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an anti-inflammatory antioxidant, attenuates programmed susceptibility to obesity and insulin resistance in high fat diet (HFD) offspring. CD1 female mice were acutely fed a standard breeding chow or HFD. NAC was added to the drinking water (1g/kg) of the treatment cohorts from embryonic day 0.5 (e0.5) until the end of lactation. NAC treatment normalized HFD-induced maternal weight gain and oxidative stress, improved the maternal lipidome and prevented maternal leptin resistance. These favorable changes in the <i>in utero</i> environment normalized postnatal growth, decreased white adipose tissue (WAT) and hepatic fat, improved glucose and insulin tolerance and antioxidant capacity, reduced leptin and insulin and increased adiponectin in HFD offspring. The lifelong metabolic improvements in the offspring were accompanied by reductions in pro-inflammatory gene expression in liver and WAT and increased thermogenic gene expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT). These results, for the first time, provide a mechanistic rationale for how NAC can prevent the onset of metabolic disease in the offspring of mothers who consume a typical Western HFDs.

scholarly journals Brown adipose tissue dynamics in wild-type and UCP1-knockout mice: in vivo insights with magnetic resonance

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Grimpo ◽  
Maximilian N. Völker ◽  
Eva N. Heppe ◽  
Steve Braun ◽  
Johannes T. Heverhagen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Brown Adipose

scholarly journals Anatomical and Functional Assessment of Brown Adipose Tissue by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Obesity ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1519-1526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Iris Chen ◽  
Aaron M. Cypess ◽  
Christina A. Sass ◽  
Anna-Liisa Brownell ◽  
Kimmo T. Jokivarsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Functional Assessment ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brown Adipose
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