Chapter 3. Measuring and Coping with Urban Growth in Developing Countries

2011 ◽  
pp. 32-47
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
And Coping

scholarly journals Impact of Urban Growth on Air Quality in Indian Cities Using Hierarchical Bayesian Approach

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakhar Misra ◽  
Ryoichi Imasu ◽  
Wataru Takeuchi
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Pm 2.5 ◽  
Brick Kilns ◽  
Indian Cities

Several studies have found rising ambient particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) concentrations in urban areas across developing countries. For setting mitigation policies source-contribution is needed, which is calculated mostly through computationally intensive chemical transport models or manpower intensive source apportionment studies. Data based approach that use remote sensing datasets can help reduce this challenge, specially in developing countries which lack spatially and temporally dense air quality monitoring networks. Our objective was identifying relative contribution of urban emission sources to monthly PM 2.5 ambient concentrations and assessing whether urban expansion can explain rise of PM 2.5 ambient concentration from 2001 to 2015 in 15 Indian cities. We adapted the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) emission framework in a land use regression (LUR) model to estimate concentrations by statistically modeling the impact of urban growth on aerosol concentrations with the help of remote sensing datasets. Contribution to concentration from six key sources (residential, industrial, commercial, crop fires, brick kiln and vehicles) was estimated by inverse distance weighting of their emissions in the land-use regression model. A hierarchical Bayesian approach was used to account for the random effects due to the heterogeneous emitting sources in the 15 cities. Long-term ambient PM 2.5 concentration from 2001 to 2015, was represented by a indicator R (varying from 0 to 100), decomposed from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) derived AOD (aerosol optical depth) and angstrom exponent datasets. The model was trained on annual-level spatial land-use distribution and technological advancement data and the monthly-level emission activity of 2001 and 2011 over each location to predict monthly R. The results suggest that above the central portion of a city, concentration due to primary PM 2.5 emission is contributed mostly by residential areas (35.0 ± 11.9%), brick kilns (11.7 ± 5.2%) and industries (4.2 ± 2.8%). The model performed moderately for most cities (median correlation for out of time validation was 0.52), especially when assumed changes in seasonal emissions for each source reflected actual seasonal changes in emissions. The results suggest the need for policies focusing on emissions from residential regions and brick kilns. The relative order of the contributions estimated by this study is consistent with other recent studies and a contribution of up to 42.8 ± 14.1% is attributed to the formation of secondary aerosol, long-range transport and unaccounted sources in surrounding regions. The strength of this approach is to be able to estimate the contribution of urban growth to primary aerosols statistically with a relatively low computation cost compared to the more accurate but computationally expensive chemical transport based models. This remote sensing based approach is especially useful in locations without emission inventory.

Urban growth within developing countries

Geoforum ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwyn Rowley
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Growth

Africa and Indian Crowdfunding Markets

2018 ◽  
pp. 125-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umar Lawal Dano ◽  
Umar Garba Benna
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Rapid Progress ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Mutual Learning ◽  
Alternative Finance

Developing countries will account for 90% of the new 2.5 billion urban population inflow projected by 2050. To provide decent urban environment new non-traditional financial sources such as crowdfunding are needed. In developing these sources, mutual learning experiences are the key to success but cross-cultural studies among cultures remain limited; this chapter seeks to address this issue. Africa and India are likely the key beneficiaries of future urban growth and most likely users of alternative finance tools to fund their growth. Both are slow starters in rapid urbanization and the use of crowdfunding but are making rapid progress.

scholarly journals Difficulties encountered in a community-based study of acute respiratory infections in Uruguay

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Hortal ◽  
Miguel Meny
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
And Coping

A cohort study on acute respiratory infections, involving 270 children observed by pediatricians in their homes every 10 days over a period of 32 months, gave the opportunity to experience logistic and methodological problems seldom described in the literature. The purpose of this article is to alert researchers as to the difficulties faced when performing community-based studies in developing countries. Although a carefully planned project was undertaken, problem areas included the establishment of the target population, population dynamics, field related problems, laboratory aspects and data management. It is hoped that other investigators may benefit from the extensive experience gained from our program in foreseeing and coping with the difficulties involved.

scholarly journals Predictive Modeling of Transport Infrastructure Space for Urban Growth Phenomena in Developing Countries’ Cities: A Case Study of Kano — Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Suleiman Hassan Otuoze ◽  
Dexter V. L. Hunt ◽  
Ian Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Predictive Modeling ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Reliability Indices ◽  
Arc Gis

Global urbanization has the most tremendous negative effects on the changing landscapes in many developing countries’ cities. It is necessary to develop appropriate monitoring techniques for tracking transport space evolution. The work explores the impacts of urban growth dynamics of transport space over the past decades as a basis for predicting future space demands in Kano, Nigeria. Three epochs of Landsat images from 1984, 2013 and 2019 were processed, classified and analyzed. Spatial classifications of land-use/land-cover (LULC) types in Kano include transport space, built-up areas, vegetation, farmland, bare land and water. The data analysis involves model calibration, validation and prediction using areas using the hybrid modeling techniques—cellular automata-Markov (CA-Markov) in IDIRISI SELVA 17.0 and remote-sensing ARC-GIS 10.7 softwares. The result finds significant expansion of transport and built-up areas while other LULC receded throughout the entire study period. Predictive modeling of transport infrastructure shows spatial expansion by 345 km2 (3.9%) and 410 km2 (11.7%) in 2030 and 2050 respectively. Kappa reliability indices of agreement (KIA) classified images and ground maps were 85%, 86% and 88%, respectively, for 1984, 2013 and 2019 time series. The calibration quality met the 80% minimum suggested in literature for the spatial-temporal track and prediction of urban growth phenomena.

scholarly journals Remote Sensing Based Methodology for the Quick Update of Population Exposed to Natural Hazards

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Boni ◽  
Silvia De Angeli ◽  
Angela Celeste Taramasso ◽  
Giorgio Roth
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Reliability Test ◽  
Refresh Rate ◽  
Good Agreement

The assessment of the number of people exposed to natural hazards, especially in countries with strong urban growth, is difficult to be updated at the same rate as land use develops. This paper presents a remote sensing based procedure for quick updating the assessment of the population exposed to natural hazards. A relationship between satellite nightlights intensity and urbanization density from global available cartography is first assessed when all data are available. This can be used to extrapolate urbanization data at different time steps, updating exposure each time new nightlights intensity maps are available. As reliability test for the proposed methodology, the number of people exposed to riverine flood in Italy is assessed, deriving a probabilistic relationship between DMSP nightlights intensity and urbanization density from GUF database for the year 2011. People exposed to riverine flood are assessed crossing the population distributed on the derived urbanization density with flood hazard zones provided by ISPRA. The validation on reliable exposures derived from ISTAT data shows good agreement. The possibility to update exposure maps with higher refresh rate makes this approach particularly suitable for applications in developing countries, where exposure may change at sub-yearly scale.

scholarly journals URBAN SPRAWL PATTERN AND EFFECTIVE FACTORS ON THEM: THE CASE OF URMIA CITY, IRAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamal MOHAMMADI ◽  
Asghar ZARABI ◽  
Omid MOBARAK
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Effective Factors ◽  
Substitution Process ◽  
Urban Contexts ◽  
The City

Urban sprawl has become a remarkable characteristic of urban development worldwide in the last decades. Urban sprawl refers to the extent of urbanization, which is a global phenomenon mainly driven by population growth and large scale migration. In developing countries like Iran, urban sprawl is taking its toll on the natural resources at an alarming pace. The purpose of this paper is to study urban growth and effective factors on them in the city of Urmia, Iran. We used quantitive data of the study area from the period between 1989 and 2007, and population censuses of Urmia. To measure the model of urban growth, Holderness and Shannon’s entropy were employed. The Urmia case is interesting for several reasons: first, it is a case of very fast urban growth even for a developing country; second, it illustrates how the fastest rates of urban sprawl may correspond to middle size cities rather than to large centers. Third, it portrays a land substitution process in which agricultural land is not the primary provider of urban land which is relatively rare in urban contexts, and fourth, it also illustrates how urban sprawl may also hide important internal land uses such as the presence of agricultural plots within urban boundaries.

scholarly journals The Components of Urban Growth in Developing Countries

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Stecklov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Survival Ratio ◽  
Rural To Urban Migration

This report is concerned with the question of what share of urban population growth is due to natural increase and what share is due to rural to urban migration flows. This question is particularly salient in developing countries, where more of the world’s population growth is occurring and where urbanization trends are the fastest. This study revisits the issue of the driving mechanism for urban growth, aiming to assess the relative contribution of natural increase and rural to urban migration. This issue has been considered in two prior publications of the United Nations. The first provided both a broader discussion of urban and rural population growth more generally, as well as a presentation of the method for studying the components of urban growth using the Census Survival Ratio Method (United Nations 1980). The second report continued the analysis on the components to urban growth with the same basic methodology and using updated data from a larger number of countries (United Nations 2001). The current study greatly expands the empirical range by including data on 248 censuses from 76 countries. We focus attention on certain specific assumptions underlying the methodology. In particular, we examine the methodological limitations to help to understand the extent to which the overall assessment of the components of growth may (or may not) be affected by these assumptions. These additional analyses provide further insight into the sensitivity of estimates of the components of urban growth.

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