METHODS OF CRIMINAL`S STUDYING IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND RUSSIA

Уровень преступности в нашей стране и в мире остается по-прежнему высоким. Изменения личности преступников обусловливают возникновение новых способов совершения преступлений. В результате этого необходимость изучения причин, условий и мотивов совершения общественно опасных деяний и особенностей лиц, их совершивших, посредством зарекомендовавших себя и получающих широкое распространение методик научного познания является актуальным для криминологии и иных наук криминального цикла. Авторы освещают понятие «криминальное профилирование», истоки его развития, особенности и условия применения данного метода в российской и американской криминологической практике. Кроме того, предпринята попытка обоснования его значения в отечественном правовом поле и определения перспектив дальнейшего развития. Цель и задачи работы - освещение позитивной зарубежной практики применения криминального профайлинга, возможность заимствования положительного опыта в России. Основными результатами настоящей статьи выступили апробированные рядом зарубежных стран способы изобличения преступников по характерному почерку совершения преступлений, причинам и условиям, им способствующим, криминальной мотивации. На основе анализа зарубежных источников и литературы авторы обосновывают вывод о положительных аспектах вошедшей в практику методики криминального профайлинга за рубежом и расширении ее сферы в нашей стране. Материалы статьи будут интересны ученым и практикам, занимающимся борьбой с преступностью вообще и в условиях изоляции от общества за рубежом отдельных категорий осужденных в частности. The crime rate remains high in our country and in the world. New ways of committing crimes are constantly emerging, and nature of criminal personality is also changing.The need to study the causes, conditions and motives for the committing of socially-dangerous acts and the characteristics of persons who committed them through proven and widely used methods of scientific knowledge does not lose relevance for criminology and other sciences of the criminal cycle. The authors highlight the concept of «criminal profiling», the origins of its development, and the peculiarities of the use of this method in Russian and American criminological practice.Moreover, an attempt was made to substantiate its significance in the domestic legal field and determine the prospects for further development. The goals and objectives of the research are to highlight the positive foreign practice of using criminal profiling, the possibility of borrowing positive experience in Russia. The main results of this article were the ways to expose criminals by the distinctive pattern in crime, the reasons and conditions that contribute to them and the reasons for illegal activities tested by a number of foreign countries. Based on the analysis of foreign sources and literature, the authors justify the conclusion about the positive aspects of the practice of criminal profiling abroad and the expansion of its sphere in our country. The materials of the article will be interesting to scientists and practitioners involved in the fight against crime in general and in isolation from society abroad of certain categories of convicts in particular.

Philippe Artières, Un Séminariste assassin: L’affaire Bladier, 1905

At the end of the nineteenth and in the early years of the twentieth century, encouraging violent criminals to write their life stories became an accepted tool of forensic medicine. The autobiographical texts which emerged became vital building blocks in the psychological diagnosis of the subject. One of the leading international exponents of this method was the Lyon-based professor Alexandre Lacassagne, who developed a science of criminal anthropology guided by the principles of heredity and phrenology (the idea that mental functions could be precisely located in specific parts of the brain). Lacassagne was fascinated by abnormal behaviour and urged the inmates of Lyon prisons to write their autobiographies. He took a paternal interest in them, studied their tattoos, and used their life writing as a key to understanding the criminal personality. Philippe Artières has been working on Lacassagne’s papers for over 25 years, and they formed the basis of his previous work Le livre des vies coupables: autobiographies de criminels, 1896-1909 (The book of guilty lives) (Paris, 2000 and 2014). In this new book, he revisits one particularly disturbing case – the Bladier affair of 1905.

Criminal personality in a trained elite military and assassination

This article aims to explain the base personality traits in a case of murder perpetrated by a subject who developed professional activities in the elite military field (he was a sniper specialized in special missions abroad), what repercussions or juridical-legal consequences it entailed for the crime of murder (a civilian) that he perpetrated, and the sentence issued for that purpose.

Types of behavior that provoke situations of conflict with the law

The article investigates and clarifies various approaches to the classification of types of behavior that provoke situations of conflict with the law. The problematic circle is analyzed to determine the terminology, characteristics of the types and types of behavior that provoke the emergence of situations of conflict with the law, presented in the scientific developments of teachers, psychologists, lawyers, criminologists, sociologists. Consideration of various classifications of such behavior is carried out taking into account an interdisciplinary approach. The study clarified the essential characteristics of the category «minors in conflict with the law». The article defines that such a category is formed by persons aged 14 to 18 years who have committed offenses (crimes) and / or are registered in the department (sector) of juvenile justice, or are serving a sentence by a court sentence (associated with imprisonment or alternative punishment). It has been determined that the main prerequisite for the emergence of situations of conflict with the law is the formation of educational difficulties. The article analyzes various classification approaches to distinguishing between types of behavior that provoke situations of conflict with the law. These classifications are based on the following parameters: the basis of types of behavior; socio-psychological aspect; rejection of pedagogical influences; the nature of personal deformities; type of personality criminalization; situationality and repetition of illegal actions; signs of the formation of a criminal personality; determination of behavior; personality structure; orientation of behavior as affective reactions; destructiveness of the motives of behavior. It is proved that knowledge and possession of typological and specific characteristics of the behavior of minors, which provokes the emergence of situations of conflict with the law, is an important theoretical and methodological basis for organizing effective social and legal assistance and providing a high-quality complex of social services to such minors.

Crime and Punishment

This chapter focuses on the criminally insane, assessing whether brain biology is significantly different in a serial killer. One of the first people to suggest that criminality arose from abnormalities in the brain was Cesare Lombroso, an Italian surgeon, who in 1871 conducted a postmortem of a serial murderer and rapist. While Lombroso's theories can be dismissed as a product of a misunderstanding of evolutionary mechanisms and the prejudices of his time, this does not mean that the belief that criminality has a biological basis is no longer held. Indeed, there has been a recent resurgence in this view, focusing on the claim that criminality is a product of biological differences in the brain. The claim is based on genetic analysis, and study of the brain itself. One gene linked to criminal behaviour is monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), which encodes an enzyme that destroys a particular type of neurotransmitter as a way of controlling its activity. The chapter then considers the idea of a link between brain injuries and criminal behaviour. The problem in looking for biological differences as the primary cause of criminality is that this could mean less acknowledgment of the role of social environment in the development of a criminal personality.

THE BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSPECTS IN THE COMMISSION OF BRIBERY

The article states that the identification of features of the psychological and social portrait of the criminal personality allows us to identify important accents of the behavioral characteristics of the suspect, which will contribute to the effectiveness of the preparation and conduct of forensic activities. The authors of the article substantiate that criminology with the help of criminalistics identifies and describes a certain set of typological socially significant and psychological properties, personality qualities that determine the initiation of illegal behavior, which is implemented when committing an act of bribery. The article highlights the factors that affect the style of behavior of a person during a search at the investigation of the act of giving a bribe, and also formulates provisions based on the correct interpretation of the behavior of a bribe taker. The authors analyze the fundamental recommendations in the research area, which are supported by multiple practical and operational experience, which allows us to obtain positive results when analyzing the behavior of a person during a search necessary to investigate the commission of bribery. The main conclusion is that in order to correctly plan the sequence of actions criminalistically, it is important to delve deeply into the criminological aspects of psychology and features of the analysis of specific criminal behavior, taking into account the affectology of reactions and character accentuations.