Numerical Investigations of the Crack Resistance of Ion-Strengthened Sheet Glass Under Bending Strains

The safety of reliable operation of aircraft and their durability essentially depend on the strength of the glazing, which is a critical structural element. There are a number of different requirements for glazing. To provide the necessary parameters, high-strength silicate glass is widely used, and special technologies for its strengthening are used. The analysis of the problem showed that the insufficient strength of aircraft glazing elements and the complexity of methods for monitoring the state of glass during production and operation due to the presence of microscopic surface defects, as well as the need for a reliable assessment of residual stresses, require that there be used new approaches and technical solutions for the development of modern technologies for creating structures. Ion exchange is one of the glass strengthening mechanisms, which makes it possible to reduce the negative effect of surface defects by artificially creating residual compressive stresses and reducing the thickness of the damaged layer. Computational studies, under bending strains, of the crack resistance of ion-exchange strengthened sheet glass were carried out using an in-house FEM-based software package developed to study the thermally stressed states of structures. The results obtained showed that the strength of real sheet glass fracture due to tensile stresses in bending is determined by crack-like surface defects. The creation of residual compressive stresses on the glass surface by ion exchange strengthening provides an increase in bending strength. With an increase in residual stresses and the depth of their distribution, the effect of ion-exchange treatment increases. If the depth of the zone of compressive stresses due to ion-exchange strengthening is much less than the depth of the surface crack, then the strength of the glass depends little on the maximum compressive stresses on the surface. The effect of ion-exchange strengthening increases significantly in the case of a decrease in the depth of the surface crack. The expediency of further research and comparison of calculation results with experimental data are shown. The developed technique will make it possible to solve important practical problems in studying the strength of the aircraft multilayer glazing and determining the optimal methods for eliminating defects.

Capital of Pleasure

This chapter decodes some of the pleasures of the West End and analyses its different forms of cultural work. To do this, it explores its appeal to the senses: sight, touch, smell, taste, orality. Pleasure districts trade on forms of hyper-stimulation. This helps locate the West End in terms of visual culture. The chapter argues that the West End was the product of artificial light, embodied in the deployment of gas-light and sheet glass. The chapter then explores the West End in terms of the production of images of glamour and sexuality: further examples of the sensory appeal of the district. This is then contrasted with the way prostitutes became a notorious feature of the West End evident both on the streets and in the night houses (nightclubs) around the Haymarket.

SHEET BUILDING GLASS WITH PROTECTIVE AND DECORATIVE COATINGS

sheet glass with decorative coatings in industrial and civil construction play an important role in improving the aesthetic properties of buildings for various purposes. An innovative technology for obtaining decorative coatings on sheet glasses using low-temperature plasma is proposed. For plasma spraying crushed in a ball mill container glass of various colors was used. The optimal parameters of the plasma spraying of glass powders on the front surface of the glass sheets were established. To increase the adhesion strength of the coating to the substrate before plasma spraying, the front surface was heat treated with outgoing plasma-forming gases. It was found that with increasing temperature of the outgoing plasma-forming gases and the time of their impact on the front surface of the sheet glass, the adhesion strength of the coating with the base increases to 6.7 MPa. The effect of the coating thickness on the strength of its adhesion to the substrate is studied. Increasing the coating thickness from 150 to 1000 µm reduces the adhesion strength from 7.5 to 3.2 MPa. Under the influence of high temperatures of arc plasma is not only an increase in the glass refractory oxides of silicon and aluminum, but also an increase in their hardness up to 15%.

Advanced technology for in-line continuous heat soak test of tempered sheet glass to guarantee high reliability

Advanced heat soak test (HST) technology, the ‘in-line continuous HST’ has been reported on the basis of experimental investigations and the T-T-T (time–temperature–transformation) relationship. The new HST technology is continuously carried out just after tempering (and heat strengthening) process. It was registered in ISO-20657 (2017). High temperature microscopy observations, high temperature x-ray diffractometry, differential thermal analysis, and micro-Raman spectrometry have been carried out in order to elucidate the α–β phase transformation of nickel sulphide in detail. The breakage ratio of in-line continuous HST is the same as that of conventional off-line HST or excellent. The ‘in-line continuous HST’ is already operating in a Japanese glass plant in order to produce tempered (and heat strengthened) sheet glass with high safety and reliability. The in-line continuous HST technology has the following benefits: (a) improvements of both productivity and reliability, (b) automatic inspection just after the tempering–quenching process, and (c) improvements to productive performance (many kinds products, heteromorphic products, and mass production). In this technical report, the advanced ‘in-line continuous HST’ technology which was standardised by several experimental investigations and analytical results will be shown in detail. The effective and efficient manufacturing technology of the tempered (and heat strengthened) sheet glass will be introduced.

Study of gas consumption patterns for sheet glass enterprises

A study of the gas consumption modes of the subgroup “Enterprises of construction industry and architecture” of the regional gas supply system, as well as the production of sheet glass, which forms gas consumption in the subgroup by 94%, was carried out. The field type “daily gas consumption outside temperature” is set for the subgroup and the plant for production of sheet glass. This is a field with a weak dependence on the growth of daily gas consumption when outside temperature decreases and without an obvious stratification into temperature regions determined by the state of the heating system (“on” or “off”) and a significant vertical spread of daily gas flow at the same values of outside temperature. Additional factors affecting gas consumption were searched. The created database of 14 technological indicators over a seven-year period allowed to identify factors forming daily and annual gas consumption regimes using correlation-regression analysis. The importance of the “time worked by the line” factor and its contribution to the formation of the annual volume of gas consumption was assessed. Invention proposes a simplified method of estimating the rate of aging of furnace lining and wear of enclosing structures on the basis of a single-factor model of gas consumption from productivity by comparing the daily average annual values of specific gas consumption for sheet glass production with the same volume of output.

Chipboards with Plasma Protective Decorative Coatings

A plasma technology has been developed for the production of chipboard with vitreous protective decorative coatings. To prevent high temperatures of the plasma jet from being applied to the front surface of the chipboard, an intermediate layer was applied, which included a mixture of sodium liquid glass with colored glass powders based on profiled and sheet cullet. The technology of a two-stage deposition of an intermediate layer before plasma spraying of the main vitreous coating has been developed. The technology provides for the preliminary front surface preparation and the liquid glass application on a wood chipboard, the intermediate layer application and subsequent drying at 95 °C. The adhesion strength of the intermediate layer with the matrix was 1.6–1.8 MPa. The optimal technological parameters of plasma-chemical modification of a protective decorative coating based on fine powders of sheet and profiled glasses have been established: the power of an electric arc plasma installation operation is 8 kW, the flow rate of argon plasma gas - 2.0 m3 /hour. It is shown that the water resistance of protective decorative coatings based on profiled and sheet glass is III hydrolytic class. Vitreous coatings had high reliability and durability, in particular, acid resistance, alkali resistance and microhardness. Due to the electric arc plasma installations use for plasma-chemical modification of protective decorative coatings based on profiled and sheet glass cullet, the technology is resource and energy efficient, and is also recommended for introduction both in furniture industry and in the construction industry.

‘A Cracked Sheet-Glass Mirror’: Conditions of Collaboration at the 1945 P.E.N. All-India Writers’ Conference

This article examines how P.E.N., an organisation born in imperial Britain, endeavoured in some cases and floundered in others to create conditions for collaboration between Indian and British writers. Drawing on the P.E.N. archives at the Harry Ransom Center (HRC), I examine communication among and between Indian and British writers in P.E.N.'s orbit during the World War II era and leading up to the Indian Independence Act of 1947. As a forum for collaboration among writers internationally not only to develop writing and editing projects together, but also to forge a unifying conception for the modern era of the relationship between literature and political freedom, P.E.N. aimed to create opportunities for exchange among Indian and British writers. Analysing Indian writers' articulation of the necessary conditions for cross-imperial collaboration, I consider how mutuality was compromised under political conditions of imperialism hinging on hierarchal notions of culture.