Analisis Kondisi Lingkungan pada Kejadian Leptospirosis di Kabupaten Banyumas dengan Pendekatan Spasial

Leptospirosis is still becoming a public health problem in Indonesia. Banyumas was oneof the highest cases in Central Java by 2019 so it could be potentially endemic. GIS (GeographicInformation System) is used to determine spatial patt erns related to the environment. This researchaimed to know the distribution and spatial grouping of leptospirosis in Banyumas 2019. The type ofthis research is an observational study with a cross-sectional spatial analysis design to observe thespreading and grouping patt ern. The subjects of this study were 140 leptospirosis cases in Banyumas2019. House coordinate was collected by using GPS (Global Positioning System). The data collectionis done for a month. Data Analyzes was performed through ArcGIS 10.2, and SaTScan 9.7. Thedistribution of leptospirosis in Banyumas was spread over 14 districts, 45% cases in Cilongok, 25,71%cases were >56 years old, 62,1% cases were male, 40% cases were farmers. The results of the spatialanalysis showed 77.14% cases in residential land use areas, 70% cases with moderate populationdensity (5.00-1.249 people/km²), 62.85% cases in 0-199 altitude, 63.57% cases with low rainfall 500meters, and signifi cant grouping patt ern with p-value = 0.009 primary which is located in Cilongokand Ajibarang. Leptospirosis spread over in residential land use areas, moderate population density,low altitude, low rainfall, no history of fl ooding, a radius of river 500 meters, and occurs clusteringin Cilongok and Ajibarang. The location intervention of leptospirosis prevention and control can beprioritized in these areas.

Prey speed up, predators slow down: non-consumptive effects on movement behavior of a ciliate predator-prey pair

Non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of predators on prey, such as induced defensive strategies, are frequently neglected in the analysis of predator-prey interactions. Yet these effects can have demographic impacts as strong as consumption. As a counterpart to NCEs, resource-availability effects (RAEs) can prompt changes in predators as well, e.g., in their foraging behavior. We studied NCEs and RAEs in the ciliate predator-prey pair Didinium nasutum and Paramecium caudatum. We examined the dependence of prey/predator swimming speed and body size on predator/prey presence. We also investigated prey spatial grouping behavior and the dependence of predator movement on local prey abundance. We collected individual movement and morphology data through videography of laboratory-based populations. We compared swimming speeds and body sizes based on their distributions. We used linear models to respectively quantify the effects of local prey abundance on predator displacements and of predator presence on prey grouping behavior. In the presence of prey, predator individuals swam more slowly, were bigger and made smaller displacements. Further, their displacements decreased with increasing local prey abundance. In contrast, in the presence of predators, proportionally more prey individuals showed a fast-swimming behavior and there was weak evidence for increased prey grouping. Trait changes entail energy expenditure shifts, which likely affect interspecific interactions and populations, as has been shown for NCEs. Less is known about the link between RAEs and demography, but it seems likely that the observed effects scale up to influence community and ecosystem stability, yet this remains largely unexplored.

A sediment-mixing process model of till genesis, using texture and clay mineralogy data from Saginaw lobe (Michigan, USA) tills

We present a sediment-mixing process model of till genesis based on data from surface tills of the Saginaw lobe terrain in lower Michigan. Our research uses a spatial approach to understanding glacial landsystems and till genesis. We sampled calcareous till at 336 upland sites and at 17 sites in lacustrine sediment of the Saginaw Lake plain. The loamy tills have bimodal grain-size curves, with a fine-texture mode near the silt–clay boundary and a sand mode. Spatial grouping analysis suggests that tills can be divided into six groups, each with different textures and clay mineral compositions that vary systematically down-ice. The similarity among groups with respect to the silt–clay mode and clay mineralogy argues for a common origin for the fines—illite-rich lacustrine sediment of the Saginaw Lake plain. Fine-textured sediments were probably entrained, transported, and deposited down-ice as till, which also becomes sandier and enriched in kaolinite, reflecting increasing mixing with shallow sandstone bedrock with distance from the lacustrine clay source. Clayey tills on the flanks of the Saginaw terrain may reflect proglacial ponding against nearby uplands. A process model of progressive down-ice mixing of preexisting fine lake sediments with crushed/abraded sandstone bedrock helps to better explain till textures compared with a purely crushing/abrasion process model.

Utilization of hot spot analysis in the detection of spatial determinants and clusters of the Spanish flu mortality

The Spanish flu appeared at the end of the First World War and spread around the world in three waves: spring-summer in 1918, which was mild; autumn fatal wave, in the same year; and winter wave in 1919, which also had great consequences. From the United States of America, as the cradle of its origin, the Spanish flu spread to all the inhabited continents, and it did not bypass Serbia either. Research on the Spanish flu, as the deadliest and most widespread pandemic in the human history, was mostly based on statistical researches. The development of the geographic information systems and spatial analyses has enabled the implementation of the information of location in existing researches, allowing the identification of the spatial patterns of infectious diseases. The subject of this paper is the spatial patterns of the share of deaths from the Spanish flu in the total population in Valjevo Srez (in Western Serbia), at the settlement level, and their determination by the geographical characteristics of the studied area-the average altitude and the distance of the settlement from the center of the Srez. This paper adopted hot spot analysis, based on Gi* statistic, and the results indicated pronounced spatial disparities (spatial grouping of values), for all the studied parameters. The conclusions derived from the studying of historical spatial patterns of infectious diseases and mortality can be applied as a platform for defining measures in the case of an epidemic outbreak with similar characteristics.

THE MODERN ETHNIC GEOGRAPHY OF UZBEKISTAN

Spatial analysis of the population ethnic structure is a poorly developed area of socio-geographical research in Uzbekistan. The authors of the article are the first to develop a multi-level scheme of ethno-geographical zoning of Uzbekistan based on the current statistical data on the ethnic composition of the population in the republic. These statistical materials are the only source of information on the ethnic structure of the population of the country and its regions, taking into account the fact that the census in Uzbekistan has not been conducted after 1989. In the course of research, the methodological foundations of ethno-geographical zoning of Uzbekistan were developed, in particular, its principles, criteria, and taxonomic units. Ethno-geographical zoning was carried out in accordance with the grid of administrative-territorial division based on spatial grouping of rural areas and cities of regional and republican subordination; 33 types of ethnic environments were distinguished. Zoning is three-level and includes three taxonomic stages: 4 ethnogeographic provinces, 6 ethnogeographic districts and 32 ethnogeographic areas. In addition, there were identified ‘through’ spatial units − ethnogeographic tiers: upper (mountain), middle (foothill-plain) and lower (desert-oasis). The main ethnogeographic boundaries within the territory of Uzbekistan, tied to the orographic and landscape boundaries, were determined. The features of the population ethnic structure in all the ethnogeographic provinces, districts and areas are characterized. An ethno-geographical zoning map of the republic has been compiled.

Discrepancy and spatial grouping of individual potential among Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle farmers in Kebumen Regency

This research aimed to analyze the discrepancy in individual potential of Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle farmers, and analyze spatial grouping based on the farmers’ individual potential. The study was conducted using survey method among cattle farmers in 6 districts which are the development centers of Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle in Kebumen Regency (District of Puring, Petanahan, Klirong, Mirit, Bulus Pesantren, and Ambal). One hundred Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle farmers were selected using multistage sampling method. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Theil Entropy Index analysis to describe the level of discrepancy of farmers’ individual potential. The cattle farmers have relatively sufficient individual potential with total score 521.14. Based on Theil Entropy Index, discrepancy in individual potential was relatively high (5.29). Partially, the cattle farmers’ discrepancy was relatively high in the provision of production input (6.06), provision of work force potential (6.60), and basic potential (5.11). The production facilities need to be made available in order to accelerate farmers’ individual potential and to reduce the discrepancy in individual potential among farmers. The western part of the cattle development area of Kebumen Regency must be given priority to realize the uniformity of the potential of individual farmers.