Analisis Kondisi Lingkungan pada Kejadian Leptospirosis di Kabupaten Banyumas dengan Pendekatan Spasial

Leptospirosis is still becoming a public health problem in Indonesia. Banyumas was oneof the highest cases in Central Java by 2019 so it could be potentially endemic. GIS (GeographicInformation System) is used to determine spatial patt erns related to the environment. This researchaimed to know the distribution and spatial grouping of leptospirosis in Banyumas 2019. The type ofthis research is an observational study with a cross-sectional spatial analysis design to observe thespreading and grouping patt ern. The subjects of this study were 140 leptospirosis cases in Banyumas2019. House coordinate was collected by using GPS (Global Positioning System). The data collectionis done for a month. Data Analyzes was performed through ArcGIS 10.2, and SaTScan 9.7. Thedistribution of leptospirosis in Banyumas was spread over 14 districts, 45% cases in Cilongok, 25,71%cases were >56 years old, 62,1% cases were male, 40% cases were farmers. The results of the spatialanalysis showed 77.14% cases in residential land use areas, 70% cases with moderate populationdensity (5.00-1.249 people/km²), 62.85% cases in 0-199 altitude, 63.57% cases with low rainfall 500meters, and signifi cant grouping patt ern with p-value = 0.009 primary which is located in Cilongokand Ajibarang. Leptospirosis spread over in residential land use areas, moderate population density,low altitude, low rainfall, no history of fl ooding, a radius of river 500 meters, and occurs clusteringin Cilongok and Ajibarang. The location intervention of leptospirosis prevention and control can beprioritized in these areas.

Autokorelasi Spasial Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kota Tasikmalaya

Tasikmalaya city is a high endemic dengue area which contributes to the high number ofdengue cases in West Java province. This study aims to analyze the geographic distribution patternof dengue infection at the village level and identify high-risk urban villages in Tasikmalaya City. Thisstudy analyzed the surveillance data of dengue cases in 2016–2020 which was routinely managed bythe Tasikmalaya City Health Office. Variables analyzed included date, patient’s name and address(villages). The map data in the form of a shape file (shp.) were obtained from BPS in 2019. The spatialautocorrelation analysis uses two approaches, (the global Moran Index and LISA). The results showedthat DHF cases in the Tasikmalaya city tend to increase in the last 5 years (2016–2020). The highestnumber of annual and monthly dengue cases occurred in 2020, (1,744 cases and 307 cases) withthe incidence rate peaked at 262.6561 per 100,000 population. The global Moran index test using asignificance level of 5 showed that there is a spatial autocorrelation between adjacent sub-districts ofdengue cases in Tasikmalaya city every year for the last 5 years (2016–2020, and cumulative). Thevalue of the global moran index (I) shows a positive correlation between urban villages to the numberof annual dengue cases for the last 5 years and is cumulative. It can be concluded that there aresimilarities in the characteristics of DHF cases in adjacent villages or the relationship between DHFcases tends to be spatially clustered.

Aktivitas Larvasida Fraksi N-Heksan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia. L) terhadap Larva Aedes sp.

Aedes sp. is a vector of the dengue virus that causes Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF).Larvicides are the optimal method for controlling mosquito development. Temephos is a larvicidalagent of the organophosphate group which is reported to cause side eff ects and ecological hazards,as well as resistance based on reports in several country. This study aims to determine the larvicidalactivity of the n-hexane fraction of Morinda citrifolia leaf ethanol extract on Aedes sp. The compoundgroups in the fraction were identifi ed using TLC through UV light and spray reagents. There were sixtypes of treatment including four concentration fractions (400, 600, 800, and 1000 ppm) as treatment,positive control (temephos 1%) and negative control 1% acetone solution. Twenty-fi ve mosquito larvaeof Aedes sp. tested for each treatment. Larval mortality was recorded and LC50 and LC99 values wereanalyzed using the probit. The results showed that the TLC test of the n-hexane fraction was positivefor terpenoids, anthraquinones, phenols, tannins, and fl avonoids. The results showed that the LC50 andLC99 values were 1040 ppm and 2439 ppm. Therefore, the n-hexane fraction of the ethanol extract hadlarvicidal activity on Aedes sp with li le toxicity.

Faktor Risiko Demam Berdarah di Negara Tropis

Tropical countries are the largest contributor to the incidence of Dengue HemorrhagicFever (DHF), but research on risk factors is still independent in various countries, it cannot beconcluded holistically. Through the research design, a systematic review is able to summarize andanswer the causes of DHF in this tropical country. This research method is a systematic review withguidelines following the 2009 PRISMA Checklist. In the initial search, 1,680 articles were foundusing the keyword “risk factors for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever”, reduced to 274 article titles afteradding the keyword “tropical country”. Furthermore, the relevant abstracts were fi ltered and found37 selected article items. Through critical appraisal of the full text of the article, it was found that 17articles met the selection criteria for further review in this study. The results showed that there were5 major groups of risk factors that were widely studied, namely sociodemography, climatology, placeof dwelling, environment, and behavior. The sociodemographic factor associated with the incidenceof DHF in tropical countries is age. In terms of climatology, temperature and rainfall are importantfactors in the vector breeding process. Rural areas (rural areas) are the place of dwelling with the mostcases of DHF found. The environmental aspect that has been widely studied is mosquito breeding. Themost signifi cant risk behavior factor in transmission was the behavior of hanging clothes. Of the 17articles, it was found that 77.8% of the articles examined environmental variables.

The Penggunaan Insektisida Rumah Tangga dan Kerentanan Aedes sp terhadap Permetrin di Kelurahan Sorosutan Kota Yogyakarta

The use of household insecticides is an alternative solution to prevent mosquito bites.Most of the household insecticides sold in Indonesia have pyrethroid active ingredients, permethrin,which is available in the aerosol formulation. Inappropriate use of household insecticides can reducemosquito susceptibility. The objectives of this study are to describe the use of household insecticidesand susceptibility of Aedes sp. against permethrin in Sorosutan Yogyakarta. This study used a crosssectionalsurvey design. This study was conducted in December 2018–April 2019 in 354 householdsin Sorosutan which were randomly selected based on proportional sampling. Interviews about thehousehold insecticides were conducted with the owner or resident of the house. The susceptibilitytests used impregnated paper with permethrin 0.75%. The survey results showed that 25.14% ofthe houses use household insecticides. The insecticide used were aerosol, electric mosquito repellents,and mosquito coils containing active ingredients of the pyrethroid group, namely dimefl uthrin,transfl uthrin, prallethrin, cypermethrin, and metofl uthrin. The susceptibility test results showed adecrease in mosquito susceptibility where the population of Aedes sp. in Sorosutan has been resistantagainst permethrin. The continuous use of insecticides with pyrethroid active ingredients can developmosquito resistance against permethrin because all pyrethroids have the same mode of action. Thisstudy concludes that only a small proportion (25,14%) of the households used insecticides with theactive ingredients used mainly in the pyrethroid group (dimefl uthrin, transfl uthrin, prallethrin,cypermethrin, and metofl uthrin) and the population of Aedes sp. in Sorosutan has been resistant topermethrin.

Potensi Culex quinquefasciatus sebagai Vektor Filariasis dan Kondisi Lingkungan di Kota Pekalongan

Pekalongan City was still an endemic area of Lymphatic Filariasis (LF). Twice cycles ofMass Drug Administration (MDA) had been implemented, but the Microfi laria rate (Mf rate) wasstill more than 1%. This observational research aimed to study the potential of Culex quinquefasciatusas a vector of LF in Pekalongan City. A Cross-sectional design was chosen as an approach in compilinginformation related to environmental factors and mosquitoes. The population of this research washouses located in Jenggot and Kertoharjo village with thirty-one houses, located around fi lariasiscases, purposively selected as samples. Variables studied in this research were environmental factorsand mosquito vectors. Data collection using observation, and laboratory examination throughmosquito dissection. Data would be analyzed descriptively. This study found that there were 8 Culexquinquefasciatus tested positive L3 fi larial worm (infective rate 4.39%). There were 74.2% of houseshad mosquitoes’ breeding sites around them. The breeding sites were found at domestic waste disposal,drainage in front of the house, and infi ltration well for liquid waste. As much as 86.2% of the breedingsites contained mosquito larvae. This research concluded that Cx. quinquefasciatus was confi rmedpositive fi laria worm thus establish as mosquito vector for Lymphatic Filariasis in Pekalongan City.The breeding sites related to the mosquito development were small water bodies, drainage in front ofand around the house.

Analisis Indikator Entomologi dan Sebaran Jentik Aedes aegypti pada Daerah Stratifi kasi Endemisitas Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kota Jayapura

The incidence rate (IR) of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Papua Province in 2017 was8.04 per 100,000 population, with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 1.12%. In 2016, the Health Offi ce ofJayapura City declared six urban villages as high endemic areas, four urban villages as high sporadicareas, and ten villages as DHF-free areas from a total of 39 urban villages in Jayapura. This studyaims to analyze larval by House index [HI], Container index [CI], Breateu index (BI), and Maya index[MI] as well as the distribution of vector Ae. aegypti in endemic, sporadic and DHF-free areas inJayapura City. The design of this study was a cross-sectional study. This research was conducted fromJanuary to March 2019. Subjects (375 houses) were surveyed according to WHO guidelines basedon its endemicity stratifi cation. Observations of mosquitos’ larvae were done using visual and singlelarvae methods. The result of this research showed that endemic areas had their HI, CI and BI as muchas 43.3%, 16.5%, and 90.0%, respectively, with density fi gure is six. Sporadic areas had their HI,CI and BI as much as 35.4%, 10.9%, and 57.5%, respectively, with density fi gure is fi ve. DHF-freeareas had their HI, CI, and BI as much as 14.8%, 5.7%, and 35.2%, respectively, with density fi gureis fi ve. The Maya index for endemic and sporadic areas was categorized as moderate, while DHF-freeareas were low.

Studi Kualitatif Implementasi Kebijakan Eliminasi Malaria di Wilayah Endemis Rendah Kabupaten Pangandaran dan Pandeglang

The government targets malaria elimination in Java and Bali by 2023. But until 2020, Pangandaran and Pandeglang Regency haven’t received malaria-free certification. This qualitative study was conducted to provide an overview of Pangandaran and Pandeglang malaria control implementation by comparing it to Activity Indicators based on the Indonesian Minister of Health Decree on malaria elimination. In-depth interviews, using thematically interview guidelines, were conducted to 48 key informants such as policyholders and people in charge of health programs and cross-sectoral at the provincial, district, sub-district, and village levels. Thematic analysis was used in the theme of policy implementation, budget, facilities and infrastructures, human resources, and cross-sector cooperation. The result shows that malaria control is implemented according to the decree, but some activities haven’t been done. The analysis on policy implementation theme shows that both districts have carried out according to the guidelines, with innovation in the form of establishing Posmaldes (village malaria post) in Ujung Kulon National Park in Pandeglang. APBD, APBN, and Global Fund are used as budget sources. Both districts stated that facilities and infrastructures are sufficiently available, but there is a lack in human resources’ quantity and varying degrees of competencies. There is also a lack of cross-sector cooperation because malaria control hasn’t become a priority in those sectors and they are only acting as supports to the health sector. Efforts to control malaria are considered less optimal due to the absence of malaria elimination regulations, varied human resource capabilities, and the limitation in the duties and functions of cross-sectors.

Efektivitas Larvasida Granul Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pisang Nangka (Musa x paradisiaca L.) terhadap Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti

Musa x paradisiaca L. leaves are known to contain phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and other compounds that can be used as larvicides. This study aims to determine the effect of Musa x paradisiaca L leaves’ ethanol extract granules on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. The Research was experimental in two stages of effectiveness testing, that are extract and granule formula effectiveness test. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test. The extraction method used was maceration using 96% ethanol. The concentration of the extract dosage used were 0.2; 0.5; 1; 2; and 4%, with control (+) temephos and control (-). Repetitions were carried out 3 times with a sample total of 675 larvae. Observations were made for 12 and 24 hours. Preparation of granules using 2 formulas, formula 1 granules without extract and formula 2 granules with the extract. To fulfill the granule formulation criteria, the preparation was evaluated. The results showed that the concentration of 4% extract was the most effective at 98.7%, as stated by the Kruskal-Wallis test result,p-value <0.05, which means that there was an effect on the effectiveness of larvicide. The percentage of mortality of larvae given formula 2 is 100% and based on the Mann-Whitney test with value p<0.05, there is a difference between granule 1 and 2 formula. Criteria of granule including moisture content (1.72 %), angle of rest 240, flow velocity (50 gr/sec), and dispersion time (2.25 minutes). The granular formula of Musa x paradisiaca L leaves can make the application easier and hopefully can be used as effectively as synthetic larvicide in the community.

Hubungan Pengetahuan dan Sikap dengan Perilaku Pencegahan Filariasis di Kecamatan Cilimus Kabupaten Kuningan

Lymphatic filariasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by parasitic nematodes. The worm can damage the human lymphatic system gradually then causing enlargement of the limbs, breasts and genitalia. Kuningan is an endemic regency for filariasis in West Java Province. Cilimus District was in the 2nd position as a district with the highest filariasis cases in Kuningan in 2017. This research was conducted in Cilimus District from May to June 2018 using a cross-sectional design. The population was all households in the Cilimus District with a sample size of 106 people who were taken using a simple random sampling technique. The independent variables studied were knowledge and attitudes regarding the prevention of filariasis, the dependent variable was the filariasis prevention practices. Data collection was carried out by interview using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by univariate and bivariate (chi-square test). The results showed that some respondents had good knowledge and positive attitudes about the prevention of filariasis (50%). The description of respondent practices showed that 82.1% of respondents took filariasis drug, 62.3% of respondents had the habit of using mosquito repellent, only 4.7% of respondents used mosquito nets, 49.1% of respondents put gauze wire, 47.2% of respondents did not have a habit of hanging clothes. The results of categorizing behavioral variables were found that more than half of the respondents (52.8%) had implemented good prevention practices. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude with filariasis prevention practices (p <0.05).