Foreign Technology Transfers in China

Innovation can be achieved via various channels, and the effectiveness of each channel depends on the stage of development as well as the local social-economic settings. Based on the concept that innovation is not only limited to invention but also characterized as a learning and adopting process, this chapter discusses the important role of foreign technology sources in China’s innovation path. Different types of foreign knowledge sources are reviewed, including trade, technology licensing, inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI), internationalization of research and development (R&D), global value chain, and returnees. The discussion highlights the complementary effect between foreign knowledge sources and indigenous innovation efforts in fostering technological upgrading in China. To maximize the benefits from innovation and accelerate catching up, the explicit and well-focused encouragement of indigenous innovation and acquisitions of foreign knowledge must work in parallel.

THE REGIONAL DISPARITY OF INFLUENCING FACTORS OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM HIGH-TECH INDUSTRY

Accurate analysis of technological innovation mechanism in different regions is the key to promoting China’s technological innovation, economic transformation and upgrading. This paper collected statistical data of high-tech enterprises in 27 provinces in China from 2009 to 2016, established a novel PSO-GRNN model, and applied sensitivity analysis to explore the influencing factors and regional differences of enterprise technological innovation in Eastern, Central and Western China. The empirical results showed that the influencing factors were innovation investment, market environment, government support and foreign technology spillover sorting by impact size. Innovation investment was the decisive factor of technological innovation, but innovation resources mainly concentrated on Eastern China, severely insufficient in Central and Western China. Market environment was favorable to Eastern and Central China, but unfavorable to Western China, which restricted greatly the development of Western China. The principalagent problem of state-owned enterprise and the crowding out effect of government research and development funds jointly led to the negative influence of government support on technological innovation. Foreign technology spillover had significant positive effects on technological innovation in Western China. This paper clarifies some disputes about influencing factors of technological innovation and provides a new research perspective for related issues.

Is foreign technology acquisition to complement or substitute for internal technology development? A case of manufacturing enterprises in Vietnam

Purpose This paper aims to examine whether foreign technology acquisition is complementary to internal technology development in the context of a developing country. Design/methodology/approach The selection model developed by Heckman (1979) was applied with the balanced panel data of manufacturing enterprises from the Annual Enterprise and Technology Surveys from 2012 to 2016 conducted by the Vietnamese General Statistics Organization. Findings The results indicate that foreign technology acquisition and internal technology development are complementary innovation options. Particularly, the number of patents granted for manufacturing enterprises positively affects the probability that enterprises acquire foreign technologies. This effect is stronger in cases of high-tech industries than in cases of low-tech industries. Research limitations/implications Regarding the relationship between internal technology development and foreign technology acquisition, the findings suggest that adoption of foreign technology acquisition and priority in budget allocation for foreign technology acquisition are different in nature and that budget allocation is a more complex issue and may depend on other factors. Practical implications For developing countries, governments should adopt policies supporting domestic enterprises in acquiring technologies from advanced countries that could complement the locally developed technologies. These supports should focus on the high-tech or high-innovation rate industries. Originality/value In the context of a developing economy, the complementary effect of internal technology development and foreign technology acquisition is stronger in cases of the high-tech industries than in cases of the low-tech industries.

China's Foreign Technology Wish List

“Science and technology diplomats” act as brokers as part of China’s broader strategy to acquire foreign technology. Each year, they file hundreds of official reports on their activities. This issue brief illuminates trends in the 642 reports filed by the S&T directorates of Chinese embassies and consulates from 2015 to 2020, quantifying which types of technologies the Chinese government is most focused on acquiring, and from where.

Technological Revolutions, Structural Change, and Catching up

This chapter interprets the transition to a more sustainable type of growth as a technological revolution in progress. The chapter opens with a general discussion of the role of technological revolutions and structural change and economic growth, with special emphasis on the acquisition of foreign technology, exports, and catching-up-based growth. It then goes on to examine whether the transition to renewable energy can be seen as a technological revolution in line with the great technological revolutions of the past. The answer to this question is in the affirmative. The final section discusses the implications of this for catching-up-based growth in China and other developing countries.

Creating an Integrated System of Potato Harvesters and Transport Vehicles

The results of studies of some aspects of machine potato production, such as effectiveness of interaction between individual elements of the integrated system, are presented. A system has been developed that characterizes the smooth operation of potato harvesting and transport equipment. Some examples of domestic and foreign technology are analyzed, e.g. elevator-type harvesters and tractor dump trailers and semitrailers.

Embedded Temperature Sensor Evaluations for Turbomachinery Component Health Monitoring

Current rotorcraft gas turbine engines typically use titanium alloys and steel for the compressor section and single-crystal nickel superalloys for the hot-section turbine stator vanes and rotor blades. However, these material selections are rapidly changing due to increased requirements of power-density and efficiency. Future U.S. Army gas turbine engines will be using ceramic matrix composites for many high temperature engine components due to their low density and improved durability in high temperature environments. The gas turbine industry is also actively developing adaptive concept technologies for production and assembly of modular gas turbine engine components with integrated sensing. In order to actively monitor engine components for extended seamless operation and improved reliability, it is essential to have intelligent embedded sensing to monitor the health of critical components in engines. Under this U.S. Army Foreign Technology Assessment Support (FTAS) program funded research project, embedded fiber-optic temperature sensors from U.K.-based company, Epsilon Optics Ltd (Fordingbridge, UK)., were experimentally evaluated to measure temperature responses on typical turbomachinery component material coupons. The temperature responses from this foreign technology sensor were assessed using a thermomechanical fatigue tester with a built-in furnace to conduct thermal cycling durability experiments. The experimental results obtained from the durability performance of this embedded fiber Bragg sensor are reported in this paper. This sensor technology, upon maturation to higher TRL (technology readiness level), can greatly reduce the lifecycle cost of future U.S. Army gas turbine engines.

Up-to-date technology in construction, upgrading and reconstruction of farms and cattle facilities

The analysis of up-to-date domestic and foreign technology and innovative building materials used in the construction of new agribusiness facilities, farms and cattle facilities and upgrading and reconstruction of previously built ones is provided

Technology Transfer, Development, Deployment and Productivity Performance in Pakistan

Productivity (TFP) performance is not only influenced by the direct effects of human capital, R&D (technology development)), embodied and disembodied forms of technology transfer and know-how through capital imports, FDI and use of foreign IPRs (technology transfer activities), but importantly is indirectly affected by compo-nents like the interactive effects of machinery and equipment imports, royalties and licenses fee payments, FDI, human capital and technology deployment. In this context, we analyzed internal technology building capabilities, trade-related technology transf-er activities and foreign technology absorption capabilities. The ARDL technique demonstrates that stable long-run association exists amongst all the chosen variables. The results indicate that investment in human capital boost the TFP, in addition expenditures on R&D, imports of machinery are crucial determinants of TFP growth. Surprisingly, FDI appears with a negative sign but the indirect effect of FDI through its interaction with human capital is positive. This indicates that FDI in the presence of human capital plays a favourable role in enhancing TFP. Moreover, the imports of machinery directly and indirectly, in association with both human capital and R&D, increase the growth of TFP. These findings provide evidence that internal technology building capabilities enhances the TFP growth significantly; while, embodied form of technology transfer has a positive and significant impact on the growth of TFP; whereas, disembodied technology transfer exerts positive but statistically insignificant impact on TFP growth. Furthermore, the study lends support for the existence of strong foreign technology absorption capabilities.