Effect of process parameters on emulsion stability and droplet size of pomegranate oil-in-water

The development of efficient emulsion is essential and requires a good understanding of the parameters that govern the formation and stability of the emulsion. The droplet size significantly affects the stability of the emulsion. In this study, the stability of pomegranate oil-in-water emulsions (0.5 to 7.0% v/v) was investigated using various emulsifiers in terms of droplet size and instability index during 16 days of storage. The Mastersizer and Lumisizer were used to measure the droplet size and instability index. It was observed that the minimum droplet size was achieved by using 0.3% carboxy methyl cellulose (5.37 μm) and maximum with 1.0/2.5% whey protein/maltodextrin (24.26 μm). The Lumisizer results during storage revealed the higher emulsion stability of carboxy methyl cellulose due to smaller droplet size and high thickness as compared to other emulsions studied. The findings of the present study would be useful for food applications to obtain fine and stable microcapsules.

A comparative study on the rheological properties of coal water slurries using sodium tripoly-phosphate and carboxy-methyl-cellulose as dispersants

The effects of two anionic dispersants (polymeric-carboxy methyl cellulose: CMC and inorganic-sodium tripolyphosphate: STPP) on the rheological properties of coal water slurries (CWS) of varying solid loading were reported and compared. The rheological data was obtained in the shear rate range of 60-160 s^-1 and the data was fitted using power law model. For lower solid concentrations (10% and 20%), shear thickening behaviour was observed while shear thinning nature was seen for the higher solid loadings (30%,40% and 50%) for CWS with both the dispersants. For all slurries, an increase in flow behaviour index values was seen with the increase of dispersant loading. For CWS of 10% and 20% solid loadings, lower values of flow behaviour index was observed with CMC as dispersant. On the other hand, lower values for flow behaviour index was seen with STPP as dispersant for CWS of 30%, 40% and 50% solids loading. Although CMC was found very effective in reducing the apparent viscosity at lower dosages unlike STPP, the apparent viscosity values are quite sensitive to the loading of CMC as dispersant in comparison to STPP. This observed trend may be due to aggressively induced negative charges upon the adsorption of CMC on coal particles at the tested dispersant dosages.

Muco-adhesive buccal tablets of candesartan cilexetil for oral delivery: preparation, in-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation

Candesartan cilexetil (CC) is an angiotensin II-receptor blocker (ARB). The antihypertensive effect of CC 4-16 mg/day was as great as that of other once-daily dosage regimens. Candesartan cilexetil has high first-pass metabolism and low oral bioavailability. The bioavailability of such drugs may be significantly improved if delivered through the buccal route; hence mucosal delivery is one of the alternative methods of systemic drug delivery. This study’s objective was to develop mucoadhesive buccal tablets of candesartan cilexetil using carbopol-934P, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), Eudragit RLPO, and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (Na-CMC) as mucoadhesive polymers. Prepared CC buccal tablet formulations were evaluated for an optimized system based on physicochemical properties, ex-vivo residence time, in-vitro, and ex vivo permeation studies. The evaluation parameters of the tablets were within the acceptable Pharmacopoeial limits. However, the swelling and bio-adhesive time were increased with increasing polymer concentrations. The in-vitro release research shown that buccal tablets with sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (Na-CMC) exhibited a higher release than all other formulations and have been considered as optimized CC formulation. The release mechanism from kinetic methods suggests that the drug release follows zero-order kinetics with a diffusion mechanism. Further, in-vivo research in animal fashions is required to prove the bioavailability performance of the formulation. Keywords: Candesartan cilexetil, mucoadhesive buccal tablets, first-pass metabolism, bioavailability.

STUDI PEMBUATAN ES KRIM YOGHURT SINBIOTIK DARI PROPORSI YOGHURT UWI UNGU : SUSU DAN PENAMBAHAN CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE

Uwi ungu mempunyai kandungan serat pangan dan inulin yang tinggi, sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai sumber prebiotik. Filtrat uwi ungu bersama susu sapi dapat difermentasi menjadi yoghurt sinbiotik. Selanjutnya yoghurt sinbiotik dan susu sapi diolah menjadi es krim untuk meningkatkan daya terima produk. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh proporsi yoghurt sinbiotik dan susu sapi serta penambahan CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) pada sifat fisikokimia dan organoleptik es krim yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola faktorial dengan 2 faktor dan 2 ulangan. Faktor kesatu adalah proporsi yoghurt sinbiotik:susu (20:80, 30:70, 40:60) dan faktor kedua adalah penambahan CMC (0,4, 0,5, 0,6%). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan analisa sidik ragam, bila terdapat perbedaan yang nyata dilanjutkan dengan Uji DMRT. Perlakuan terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan proporsi yoghurt sinbiotik:susu sapi (30:70) dan penambahan CMC 0,6%, yang menghasilkan es krim dengan rata-rata total BAL (Bakteri Asam Laktat) 5,85 log CFU/ml, pH 5,20, overrun 38,35%, laju pelelahan 15,34 menit, viskositas 108,75 mPas, rata-rata skor tekstur 4,40, skor rasa 4,73, skor warna 4,47 dan skor aroma 4,60 (suka-sangat suka). Yoghurt sinbiotik yang dihasilkan mempunyai sifat fisikokimia dan dapat diterima konsumen sehingga dapat dikembangkan sebagai minuman kesehatan.