Tamarind extract pretreatment: Valorization of sugarcane bagasse for cellulase production by Aspergillus flavus

Effective pretreatment is crucial for cellulase production from sugarcane bagasse. Pretreatment with tamarind extract could reduce the hazardous effect associated with chemical pretreatment. The present work investigated tamarind (Tamarindus indica) extract in combination with H2SO4 and thermal pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for cellulase production by Aspergillus flavus. The sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with tamarind extract pH 2 and pH 4, followed by 1% H2SO4 and thermal treatment at 121°C for 15 min. The pretreatment slurry was analysed for reducing sugar while solid bagasse was analysed for weight loss. Aspergillus flavus grew on sugarcane bagasse under solid state fermentation and the Carboxy Methyl Cellulase (CMCase) and Filter Paper Assay (FPA) activities were compared on the various pretreatments. The pretreatments changed the visible morphology of the sugarcane bagasse observed by the swelling, fibrous appearance and colour change. Pretreatment slurry yielded highest soluble reducing sugar at 60.01 mg/ml in tamarind extract (pH 4/1% H2SO4 ) and highest weight loss of solids at 73.70% in tamarind extract (pH 2/1% H2SO4 /thermal 121°C). Aspergillus flavus performed better on tamarind extract (pH 2/1% H2SO4 ) by producing optimal CMCase and FPA activities at 0.100 U/ml and 0.409 U/ml respectively after 3 days of fermentation. Cellulase was maximally active at temperature of 50 °C. The tamarind extract pretreatment successfully proved to be an alternative organo-chemical pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse as evidenced by the physical properties, soluble reducing sugars and cellulase activities. Keywords: Aspergillus flavus, Cellulase, Pretreatment, Sugarcane bagasse, Tamarind extract

Microencapsulation of three natural dyes from butterfly pea, Sappan wood, and turmeric extracts and their mixture base oncyan, magenta, yellow (CMY) color concept

Synthetic dyes in food can cause severe problems for health, so they need to be replaced by natural dyes. However, natural dyes are unstable, and encapsulation is one way to maintain the stability of natural dyes. This study was conducted to determine the best microencapsulation coating, storage stability, and color variations produced by butterfly pea, sappan wood, and turmeric extracts. The coating materials used were maltodextrin, carrageenan, and carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) using the following formulations: 85% maltodextrin and 15% carrageenan (formula A) and 90% maltodextrin and 10% carrageenan (formula B) for coating butterfly pea and sappan wood extracts. Turmeric extracts were coating using 85% maltodextrin and 15% carrageenan (formula A) and 75% CMC and 25% starch (formula C). The encapsulation with maltodextrin (90%) and carrageenan (10%) was the best of encapsulation formula for butterfly pea and sappan wood extract. However, the encapsulation with maltodextrin (85%) and carrageenan (15%) was the best of encapsulation formula for turmeric extract. The green color was obtained from mixing butterfly pea and turmeric dyes in 1:4 ratio, purple from mixing butterfly pea and sappandyes in 1:8 ratio, and orange from mixing turmeric and sappan dyes in 1:2 ratio.

Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose@Guar Gum@ CuO Nanoparticle as Effective Adsorbent for the Removal of Dye From Aqueous Solution

In the present study, the study and fabrication of inorganic organic nanocomposites with Guar gam and Carboxy methyl cellulose biopolymer substrates. The synthesis nanocomposite of CMC/GG/CuO-3 is biodegradable and biocompatible, and also has a significant efficiency in removing malachite green (MG) dye from aqueous solution. Properties were evaluated by XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX and BET analysis. Important and influential parameters on the adsorption process such as adsorbent amount, initial dye concentration, pH and contact time on the removal efficiency of contaminants from aqueous solutions were investigated. Maximum removal efficiency and adsorption capacity were 92.4% and 18.6 mg/g, respectively. In order to analyze the mechanism of experimental data, two First-order and Second-order kinetic models were used, which followed the second-order kinetics with R2=1. Also, the study of Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms showed that the isotherm model of Freundlich follows the R2=0.94, which indicates the non-uniformity of adsorption on the adsorbent surface.

Amelioration of Cisplatin-induced Liver Injury by Extract Ethanol of Pometia pinnata

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin use in clinical practice has been associated with an increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). AIM: The aim of this study is to determine the hepatoprotective activity of extract ethanol Pometia pinnata on rats induced Cisplatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty rats were separated into six groups (five rats). Group I was received only carboxy methyl cellulose. Group II was received a 7 mg/kgbw Cisplatin injection on day 3. Group III-VI were extract groups (Vitamin C 1%, 100 mg/kgbb, 200 mg/kgbb, and 400 mg/kgbb) administered orally from day 1 to 7, followed by Cisplatin injection on day 3. On day 8, rats were injected with 1% ketamine, open the chest and draw blood directly from the heart and centrifugated 5000 RPM (10–15 min), take the supernatant layer for analysis AST, ALT, total protein, and LDH levels. RESULTS: The effect of extract ethanol of P. pinnata on liver injury biochemical markers AST, ALT, LDH, and total protein. Group negative had a significant increase (p < 0.05) in comparison to the normal that did not receive extract or Cisplatin. Meanwhile, there was a drop in biochemical parameters in the group given the extract in groups dose 100, 200, 400 mg/kgbw. Group VI of biochemical parameters statistically there is no significant different with group normal group (p > 0.05) that showing P. pinnata extract has hepatoprotective activity. CONCLUSION: In summary, extract ethanol of P. pinnata has hepatoprotective effect by reducing the level of AST, ALT, total protein, and LDH levels.

Electro-spun nano fiber of carboxymethyl cellulose – curcumin and its applications

Cellulose is a prominent scaffolding polysaccharide found in plants as micro fibrils which form the structurally strong framework in the cell walls. It has wide variety of uses such as attacking agent, emulsifier, stabilizer etc. Its use can be further enhanced by converting cellulose into cellulose derivatives. One of the most important cellulose derivatives is carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC). In the present study, cellulose is converted to CMC thereby preparing CMC – curcumin nanofiber by using electro spinning method. The functional groups identification was done by using UV Visible spectroscopy and FT-IR. Surface structure was analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The antifungal activity was studied against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. . The antibacterial activities also studied for the samples against E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus.