Local 5G services on campus premises: scenarios for a make 5G or buy 5G decision

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to build possible future scenarios for indoor connectivity in a venue such as a university campus and build alternative value network configurations (VNCs) defining different local network deployment options, focused on the Finnish telecom market. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, Schoemaker’s scenario planning method (Schoemaker, 1995) is used to construct future scenarios and the VNC method of Casey et al. (2010) is used to build alternative VNCs. The paper studies the Aalto University campus network for current end-user data usage demand and the existing technology used in meeting the end-user needs and forecasts the demand for the next five years to understand the need for 5G. Findings This research concludes that with the provision of local spectrum licenses, there is an opportunity for venue owners to take the role of 5G local operator on the venue premises. Furthermore, it enables venue owners to collaborate with the incumbent mobile network operators (MNOs) in a neutral host model and provide venue-specific connectivity services. Research limitations/implications A detailed economic assessment for the network deployment in the campus is considered for future study. Originality/value Considering the provision for local spectrum licenses, this paper has taken a unique attempt in identifying the future scenarios for local 5G network operations. It provides a strategic direction for the venue owners in adopting 5G technology and whether to make 5G or buy 5G from MNOs.

Local wave numbers on an n-spheres

We consider Eigen-functions of the Laplace–Beltrami Operator on n-Spheres and characterize them in terms of their local plane wave behavior. We estimate the local spectrum of wave numbers by approximating the Spherical harmonics in the locally flat neighborhood around a point on the Spheres. These local wave numbers are shown to obey an interesting Pythagorean type relation. Based on this relation, we propose a question whether there are integer triples for 2-spheres and their generalization to n-spheres. We apply the local spectrum to define quantities such as phase velocity and group velocity on a sphere and outline the relevance of the analysis for the case fields on de Sitter space.

The Local spectral theory and surjective spectrum of linear relations

UDC 517.98 This paper initiates a study of local spectral theory for linear relations. At the beginning, we define the local spectrum and study its properties. Then we obtain results related to the correlation analytic core and quasinilpotent part of a linear relation in a Banach space . As an application, we give a characterization of the surjective spectrum in terms of the local spectrum and show that if , then does not cluster at .

A novel frequent BRCA1 recurrent variant c.5117G > A (p.Gly1206Glu) identified after 20 years of BRCA1/2 research in the Baltic region: cohort study and literature review

Background Several recent studies in the Baltic region have found extended spectrum of pathogenic variants (PV) of the BRCA1/2 genes. The aim of current study is to analyze the spectrum of the BRCA1/2 PV in population of Latvia and to compare common PV between populations of the Baltic region. Methods We present a cohort of 9543 unrelated individuals including ones with cancer and unaffected individuals from population of Latvia, who were tested for three most common BRCA1 founder PV. In second line testing, 164 founder negative high-risk individuals were tested for PV of the BRCA1/2 using next generation sequencing (NGS). Local spectrum of the BRCA1/2 PV was compared with the Baltic region by performing a literature review. Results Founder PV c.5266dupC, c.4035delA or c.181 T > G was detected in 369/9543 (3.9%) cases. Other BRCA1/2 PV were found in 44/164 (26.8%) of NGS cases. Four recurrent BRCA1 variants c.5117G > A (p.Gly1706Glu), c.4675G > A (p.Glu1559Lys), c.5503C > T (p.Arg1835*) and c.1961delA (p.Lys654fs) were detected in 18/44 (41.0%), 5/44 (11.4%), 2/44 (4.5%) and 2/44 (4.5%) cases respectively. Additionally, 11 BRCA1 PV and six BRCA2 PV were each found in single family. Conclusions By combining three studies by our group of the same cohort in Latvia, frequency of the BRCA1/2 PV for unselected breast and ovarian cancer cases is 241/5060 (4.8%) and 162/1067 (15.2%) respectively. The frequency of three “historical” founder PV is up to 87.0% (369/424). Other non-founder PV contribute to at least 13.0% (55/424) and this proportion probably will rise by increasing numbers of the BRCA1/2 sequencing. In relative numbers, c.5117G > A is currently the third most frequent PV of the BRCA1 in population of Latvia, overcoming previously known third most common founder variant c.181 T > G. In addition to three BRCA1 founder PV, a total of five recurrent BRCA1 and two recurrent BRCA2 PV have been reported in population of Latvia so far. Many of the BRCA1/2 PV reported in Latvia are shared among other populations of the Baltic region.

Unsupervised Change Detection Using Spectrum-Trend and Shape Similarity Measure

The emergence of very high resolution (VHR) images contributes to big challenges in change detection. It is hard for traditional pixel-level approaches to achieve satisfying performance due to radiometric difference. This work proposes a novel feature descriptor that is based on spectrum-trend and shape context for VHR remote sensing images. The proposed method is mainly composed of two aspects. The spectrum-trend graph is generated first, and then the shape context is applied in order to describe the shape of spectrum-trend. By constructing spectrum-trend graph, spatial and spectral information is integrated effectively. The approach is performed and assessed by QuickBird and SPOT-5 satellite images. The quantitative analysis of comparative experiments proves the effectiveness of the proposed technique in dealing with the radiometric difference and improving the accuracy of change detection. The results indicate that the overall accuracy and robustness are both boosted. Moreover, this work provides a novel viewpoint for discriminating changed and unchanged pixels by comparing the shape similarity of local spectrum-trend.