Estimation of Tactile Sensation by Two Point Discrimination among 18 Years Old People

Two point discrimination (TPD) is used to distinguish the two point discriminative sense. TPD is most commonly used as neurosensory tests in clinical settings. In tactile sensation, the sensory receptors from the skin reach the somatosensory system and stimulate mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, pain receptors, and proprioceptors to give the response to the respective stimuli. The present study was aim to assess the value of tactiles sensation by two point discrimination test among 18 years people. 18 years old people among the normal population were selected, consisting of 17 males and 33 females. 6 sensory areas were selected for the test. Test performed on six regions of the body like fingertips, fingers, palm, forehead, forearm, back of palm. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed by independent t test. The ability to distinguish the two point discrimination was estimated in millimeters by using a simple hand operated device. The main findings of the study are that females were more sensitive than males in TPD perception.TPD perception was more among 18 years old. The TPD values are more in females when compared to males. The normative values of two point discrimination among 18 years people were established. This study concluded that fingertips in females were more sensitive than other parts of the body.

Fan-Shaped Application of Local Abdominal Wall Analgesia in Abdominoplasty Patients: Does the Technique Lead to Better Recovery?

Plastic surgery can be considered an art form, molding and shaping areas of the body to provide enhancement and visual improvements. During this process, anesthesia is a key role player, for both local and general aspects. Proper combinations of local and general anesthesia can provide not only great pain relief and the ability to perform the artwork of plastic surgery, but can also lead to better and faster postoperative recovery of patients. Take a moment to imagine doing our skills without anesthesia, not only would it be barbaric, but also unethical. The method of using fan-shaped anesthesia application will be explored as a technique to improve patient recovery. This, instead of the classic straightforward areal injection application, seems to provide improved anesthetic distribution, penetrates layers better, and offers a swifter and more efficient way of blocking pain receptors. Choosing an appropriate anesthetic from the various ones available today is very important for pain control and postoperative recovery, as well as combining it with other drugs to increase its duration of action. This medley of drug combinations provides patient satisfaction and enhanced recovery.

Principles of choosing an analgesic depending on the intensity of pain

Pain is one of the most common symptoms in modern clinical practice and one of the most frequent causes for patients to seek medical attention. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have traditionally been the leading means of protecting peripheral pain receptors. However, taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is associated with a range of complications. This review analyzes current studies of dexketoprofen that demonstrate its safety and clinical effect for the treatment of pain syndrome.

Assessment and Management of Pain in Palliative Care

Palliative care is an essential component in any disease management. Pain assessment acts as the connecting link between the nerves, brain and spinal cord. Classification and assessment of the pain have great significance in controlling the pain-related symptoms. Pain is broadly divided into three types nociceptive, neuropathic and mixed depending upon the damage caused. Nociceptive pain is caused due to the stimulation of the pain receptors in the tissues and is further divided into visceral and somatic depending on the pain site. Neuropathic pain arises when the nervous system gets damaged or start dysfunctioning. Cancer pain assessment includes several factors like the site, intensity, syndrome, timing and temporal variation of pain. Edmonton staging system for cancer pain prognostic is widely used for pain management includes emotional/psychological distress cognitive impairment caused by pain. A comprehensive understanding of pain assessment will help in enhancing the quality of life of the patients.

ACUTE AND CHRONICAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF W BAND MILLIMETRIC WAVES EXPOSURE IN RATS

The biological effects of millimetric waves systems, MMW (e.g. 5G communications, automotive radars, or crowd control systems, ADS) systems are still scarcely investigated. Hairless rats were exposed to 2 94GHz continuous wave (MMW, CW), under acute high power conditions (3sec at10kW/m ) and under 2 environmental/professional lower power exposure (4 hours a day, for 5 days a week, for 6 months at 10mW/cm ). It was found that the 94 GHz acute exposure provoked the disappearance of the epidermis upper corneal layers and the increase of the inammatory gene expression SOCS-3 after 3Hrs. Besides, neither histological nor genetic modication could be observed after chronic 94 GHz exposure and after an acute and a chronic capsaicin exposure. Conclusions :After a powerful acute exposition a thermal effect is observable, associated with a localized inammatory response. After chronic, low power exposition, an hypoalgesia effect was found, possibly related with an increase in brain plasticity. Mechanistically, the hypothesis is based on low noise stimulation of thermal pain receptors at subthreshold level. Conversely, neither inammation nor no direct change in was found.

Effects of Chronic Oral Probiotic Treatment in Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) represents one of the most prevalent and potentially disabling side effects due to the use of anticancer drugs, one of the primary neuropathies detected is peripheral neuropathy induced by administration of taxanes, including paclitaxel. It has been demonstrated that gut microbiota is crucial for the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs for inhibiting tumor growth and contributed to the pathogenesis of the CIPN. The use of nutraceuticals has receiving growing attention from the research community due to their phytochemical, biological, and pharmacological properties. It has been demonstrated that probiotic formulations may both reduce inflammation and modulate the expression of pain receptors. Our studies tested the efficacy of a probiotic formulation, SLAB51, in preventing paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Interestingly, our probiotic formulation was able to keep the gut integrity, preserving its functionality, in CIPN-mice, moreover, it prevented the mechanical and cold hypersensitivity induced in paclitaxel-mice. Additionally, ex-vivo analysis showed that in CIPN-mice the pro-biotic treatment increased the expression of opioid and cannabinoid receptors in spinal cord, it prevented in the reduction in nerve fiber damage in the paws and modulated the serum proinflammatory cytokines concentration. On basis of these data, the use of this specific probiotic formulation may represent a valid adjuvant agent to paclitaxel, useful and not toxic for long-lasting therapies.

Thermal stimulation neurophysiology of pressure phosphenes

Synesthesia of vision and somatosensory is based on physiology of interconnection of neurons in different nuclei of thalamus or areas of cerebral cortex. Work studied effect on the intensity of pressure phosphenes (PP) of various methods of heating eyes and hands, as well as manual influence on cervical spine. Along with subjective assessments of the PP intensity, EEG and ECG were used for chronometry of bioelectrical activity of brain and heart. From analysis of frequency and amplitude spectra of EEG, it was concluded that mechanism of PP generation is dominated by processes of redistribution and recombination of charges in retinal and LGB layers. Stimulation of PP by heating hands was associated with convergence of LGB neurons and neurons of thalamus nuclei, which are responsible for thermoreception and are adjacent to LGB. Enhancement of effect of PP stimulation by heating hands in water and in sauna was explained by resonant mechanism of heat transfer from heated water to water of physiological fluids of epidermis and water associated with proteins of ion channels of thermoreceptor membranes. It was suggested that breakdown of water clusters in physiological fluids of epidermis at temperature above 42 °C promotes to transformation of thermoreceptors into pain receptors.

Protocol for Anesthesia Animal Model in Biomedical Study

Recognition of pain depends upon intact pathways from pain receptors to thethalamus and cerebral cortex, as well as functional cerebral cortex and subcorticalstructures. Thus any means that renders the cerebral cortex nonfunctional, suchas hypoxia or drug depression, prevents pain. When this happens, stimuli thatevoke motor nerve reflexes that may be painful to the conscious animal are notpainful in the unconscious animal. Equally painful stimuli administered toanimals chemically paralyzed by curare or succinylcholine will not evoke a motorreflex simply because of paralysis, but will cause pain because of the consciousstate. Hence, it is possible that unconscious animals may feel no pain but respondto certain stimuli, and paralyzed animals may feel pain but cannot respond.

Protocol for Anesthesia Animal Model in Biomedical Study

Recognition of pain depends upon intact pathways from pain receptors to thethalamus and cerebral cortex, as well as functional cerebral cortex and subcorticalstructures. Thus any means that renders the cerebral cortex nonfunctional, suchas hypoxia or drug depression, prevents pain. When this happens, stimuli thatevoke motor nerve reflexes that may be painful to the conscious animal are notpainful in the unconscious animal. Equally painful stimuli administered toanimals chemically paralyzed by curare or succinylcholine will not evoke a motorreflex simply because of paralysis, but will cause pain because of the consciousstate. Hence, it is possible that unconscious animals may feel no pain but respondto certain stimuli, and paralyzed animals may feel pain but cannot respond.

To Acu or not to Puncture?

Even though acupuncture and its reputed role in Traditional Chinese Medicine appears as a true value in East & West, from heart’s “perspective” it feels really as a false value. Acupuncture behaves as a stressor. Its way of approaching the skin, and especially the sensitive mechanoreceptors, fits more in challenging the nociceptors (pain receptors), rather than any other kind of basic skin receptors, such as haptic-stretch-pressure & vibration. This kindling mechanism, this external source of algorithmical conglomerative stress onto the skin, and consequently to other biological systems of the organism which are connected/entangled with it from the embryological phase of the three germ layers, has inevitably a direct link with the autonomic nervous system; the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with cortisol production, and the sympathoadrenal medullary (SAM) axis which activate the sympathetic nervous system, which dedicates energy to more relevant bodily systems to acute adaptation to stress. The above-mentioned neurobiological mechanisms are the basic major systems that respond to stress, and by extension they can affect through it (stress caused by acupuncture) the immune system.