tunica media
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2022 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
ALI HAMMODI SADIK

Histomorphological study confirmed that the carotid sinus was characterized by an abrupt thinning of elastic tunica media which was rapidly replaced by the normal muscularity of the media on the distal progression in the internal carotid artery. The carotid sinus was richly supplied with sensory receptors which took the form of menisci and left the sinus as the nerve of Hering.


Arkus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-197
Author(s):  
Hardi Darmawan

Normal arteries have three layers of structure, tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. Intima tunica is the deepest layer of coronary arteries in which there are antithrombotic molecules such as heparin sulfate, thrombomodulin, and plasminogen activator. In addition, tunica intima also contains substances that regulate the contraction of tunica smooth muscle cell media, called nitric oxide (vasodilators) and prostacyclin (vasoconstrictors). Tunica intima and tunica media seem to be directly related to the atherosclerosis process. Meanwhile, the role of tunika adventisia is unknown. The accumulation of atherosclerotic lesions and hemodynamic stress factors and the degradation of extracellular matrix will cause susceptibility of atherosclerotic plaque fibrous capsules to rupture and form thrombus. Thrombus that occurs in the coronary condition causes acute coronary syndrome, characterized by typical symptoms such as chest pain depending on the thrombus formed. In studying acute coronary syndromes, of course it cannot be separated from understanding the physiology of coronary arteries and the process of atherosclerosis. Therefore, this article aims to briefly explain coronary physiology.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Deniz Yener ◽  
Tuncay Colak ◽  
Belgin Bamac ◽  
Ahmet Ozturk ◽  
Selenay Humeyra Rencber ◽  
...  

Abstract Objectives Internal carotid artery (ICA), the main artery of the brain, passes through the cavernous sinus (CS) which forms one of these venous pools. During this transition, while there is arterial blood in the lumen of ICA, its outer surface is in contact with venous blood from the brain. Herein, we aimed to detect the receptor differences of ICA in this highly specialized anatomical region of the skull base. Methods We performed the study on 10 human cadavers and searched CGRPR, TRP12, ASIC3 and ACTHR receptors via immunostaining using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Results We determined TRP12 receptor positive in the tunica media and tunica adventitia layers of the cavernous segment of ICA. We did not detect similar positivity in the cervical part of the ICA. In the receptor scan we made in terms of CGRPR, while we detected positivity in the tunica media layer of the cavernous segment, we found positivity in the tunica intima layer of the cervicalis segment of the ICA. We did not detect any positivity for ASIC3 and ACTHR receptors in both parts of the ICA. Conclusions As a result, we observed various differences in receptors between ICA segments. While the outer surface of the ICA in the cervical region did not show any receptor positivity, we detected TRP12 receptor positivity along the tissue contour of vessel in the CS. We assume that it may provide a new perspective on pathologies of the CS/ICA and preservation of brain hemodynamics for clinicians.


Author(s):  
Vishakha Jadaun ◽  
Nitin Raja Singh ◽  
Shveta Singh ◽  
Ravi Shankar

Aortic dissection (AD) is the most common catastrophic disease reported at cardiovascular emergency in hospitals. Herein, a tear in the tunica intima results into separation of layers of aortic wall leading to rupture and torrential bleed. Hypoxia and oxidative stress are associated with AD. The release of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1[Formula: see text] from the initial flap lesion in the tunica intima is the basis for aneurysmal prone factors. We framed a boundary value problem (BVP) to evaluate homeostatic saturation for oxygen dynamics using steady-state analysis. We prove uniqueness and existence of the solution of the BVP for gas exchange at capillary–tissue interface as a normal physiological function. Failure of homeostatic mechanism establishes hypoxia, a new quasi-steady-state in AD. We model permeation of two-layer fluid comprised of blood and HIF-1[Formula: see text] through tunica media as a generalized [Formula: see text]-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation and solve it using Lie group of transformations method. We note that the two-layer fluid permeates the tunica media as solitary wave including solitons such as bright soliton, dark soliton, peregrine soliton, topological soliton, kink soliton, breather soliton and multi-soliton complex. Also, we introduce the main result and discuss the implications of soliton solution, using graphic interpretation, to describe the early stage of progression of AD.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (35) ◽  
pp. 2999-3004
Author(s):  
Anagha S ◽  
Usha Devi K.B.

BACKGROUND Internal thoracic artery (ITA) is the ideal graft material for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). It’s structural characteristics and resistance to atherosclerotic changes make it ideal for this. It is in this scenario that we attempted to study the histological characteristics and age-related changes. METHODS This cross-sectional study was done on stained slides of segments of ITAs obtained from 100 fresh cadavers during autopsy. Age range was between 20 – 80 years. The segments were collected at various rib levels constituting proximal, middle and distal segments. The wall parameters were measured and recorded. The specimens were grouped according to age into six groups with intervals of 10 years and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were conducted on the samples using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. RESULTS The mean thickness of tunica intima in the proximal segment of 100 specimens was 26.792 µm, tunica media was 171.437µm and the thickness increased significantly with age with (F = 33.038, P = 0.00), (F = 87.910, P = 0.00) respectively. In one specimen, the intimal thickening increased to 96.325 µm. The mean thickness of tunica intima in the middle segment was 19.665 µm, tunica media was 172.302 µm and it increased significantly with age with (F = 71.885, P = 0.00), (F = 85.481, P = 0.00) respectively. The mean thickness of tunica intima in the distal segment was 18.157 µm, tunica media was 146.278 µm and it increased significantly with age (F = 58.847, P = 0.00), (F = 66.137, P = 0.00) respectively. The intima media ratio (IMR) increased significantly with age. The IMR of proximal segment of 2 % specimens were found to be greater than 0.25 indicating atherosclerosis. The vessel wall parameters decreased from proximal to distal segments. CONCLUSIONS The vessel wall thickness and IMR was found to increase with age. The incidence of atherosclerosis was 2 % and in old age. It is clear that the ITA is the ideal graft for CABG in younger individuals. An understanding of these attributes of ITA will be helpful to the cardiothoracic surgeons. Moreover, the results of this study throw light on the vessel wall changes in the population of present times. Further clinical study is needed to assess the effect of other risk factors. KEY WORDS Internal Thoracic Artery, Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Intima Media Ratio, Atherosclerosis


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Munki Kim ◽  
Han Byul Kim ◽  
Dae Sung Park ◽  
Kyung Hoon Cho ◽  
Dae Young Hyun ◽  
...  

AbstractPigs are important experimental animals for cardiovascular research. Few porcine coronary atherosclerosis models have been developed; however, their induction requires more than six months. We developed a porcine coronary artery atherosclerosis model using nicotine injection with a balloon overdilation. A coronary balloon was placed in the porcine coronary artery and overdilated to induce a mechanical injury. Nicotine was administrated via intramuscular injection every day, and changes in the coronary artery were observed after four weeks. Coronary angiography revealed nicotine injection with a balloon overdilation group showed narrowing of the coronary artery at the injury site. The combination of balloon and nicotine significantly increased the intimal hyperplasia in optical coherence tomography analysis. Proliferated tunica media were noted in the nicotine injection with balloon overdilation groups and lack of collagen was observed in the tunica media at eight weeks. Quantitative analysis showed increased smooth muscle actin alpha (SMA), cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) in the nicotine injection with balloon overdilation groups. Immunohistochemistry results showed CD68-positive cells displayed SMA- and KLF4-positive reactivity in the border zone of the intimal hyperplasia. Our results show that nicotine injection with balloon overdilation can induce atherosclerotic lesions within one month, which can serve as an alternative pig animal model for the development of coronary stents.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Guilherme Ferreira Fernandes Amaral ◽  
Hotair Phellipe Martins Fernandes ◽  
Remy Farias Alves
Keyword(s):  

Aneurisma de Aorta Abdominal (AAA) é definido como uma dilatação focal e permanente da porção abdominal da artéria aorta, com um aumento de pelo menos 50% do diâmetro normal do vaso em virtude da degeneração da túnica média arterial. É uma condição frequentemente assintomática, contudo pode ser fatal. O objetivo desse estudo é delinear o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com aneurisma da aorta abdominal no estado do Tocantins no período de 2000 a 2020. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo com dados obtidos a partir do Sistema de Internações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH-SUS), no período entre janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2020. A escassez de estudos sobre o AAA no estado do Tocantins evidencia a necessidade da realização de programas de rastreio populacional, com o objetivo de diagnosticar precocemente o AAA, para que manejo terapêutico correto possa ser estabelecido de maneira eletiva, reduzindo, assim, suas possíveis complicações.


Author(s):  
Dhaval Gohil ◽  
Nasser Mohammed ◽  
Anita Mahadevan ◽  
Nupur Pruthi

Abstract Objective To compare the histopathology of patent and nonpatent microvascular anastomosis using rat femoral artery end-to-end anastomosis model. Materials and Methods In 15 Sprague–Dawley rats, end-to-end anastomosis was performed on the right femoral artery. The classical method was used in four cases and one-way up method in 11 cases. The animals were sacrificed after 2 weeks and the anastomosis was subjected to histopathology. The pathological changes in patent and nonpatent cases were compared. Results The immediate patency rate and delayed patency (after 2 weeks) rate was 86.7% and 66.7%, respectively. The mean follow-up was 3 months. At sacrifice, 5/15 anastomosis were not patent. Marked subintimal thickening was noted in ⅘ (80%) of the nonpatent group, which was absent in the patent group. Severe loss or fibrosis of tunica media and marked adventitial inflammation were noted in all nonpatent cases (5/5, 100%). As much as ⅘ of the nonpatent cases had poor or indeterminate apposition; in contrast, good apposition was seen in 6/10 (60%) of the patent group. The mean clamp time and mean suturing time were significantly longer in the nonpatent group (69.2 minutes and 53.8 minutes, respectively) as compared with the patent group (48.8 minutes and 31.8 minutes, respectively). A single case that was initially nonpatent was found to have recanalized at 6 months. Conclusion Minimal intimal injury and reaction, minimal thinning of tunica media, mild-to-moderate adventitial changes, good apposition, and equidistant sutures were associated with a successful microvascular anastomosis. Short duration of vessel clamping time and suturing comes with experience and dedicated practice in a skills laboratory.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Junichi Saito ◽  
Tomoyuki Kojima ◽  
Shota Tanifuji ◽  
Yuko Kato ◽  
Sayuki Oka ◽  
...  

The ductus arteriosus (DA) immediately starts closing after birth. This dynamic process involves DA-specific properties, including highly differentiated smooth muscle, sparse elastic fibers, and intimal thickening (IT). Although several studies have demonstrated DA-specific gene expressions using animal tissues and human fetuses, the transcriptional profiles of the closing DA and the patent DA remain largely unknown. We performed transcriptome analysis using four human DA samples. The three closing DA samples exhibited typical DA morphology, but the patent DA exhibited aorta-like elastic lamellae and poorly formed IT. A cluster analysis revealed that samples were clearly divided into two major clusters, the closing DA and patent DA clusters, and showed distinct gene expression profiles in IT and the tunica media of the closing DA samples. Cardiac neural crest-related genes such as JAG1 were highly expressed in the tunica media and IT of the closing DA samples compared to the patent DA sample. Abundant protein expressions of jagged 1 and the differentiated smooth muscle marker calponin were observed in the closing DA samples but not in the patent DA sample. Second heart field-related genes such as ISL1 were enriched in the patent DA sample. These data indicate that the patent DA may have different cell lineages compared to the closing DA.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther J. M. de Brouwer ◽  
Pim A. de Jong ◽  
Annemarieke De Jonghe ◽  
Marielle H. Emmelot-Vonk ◽  
Huiberdina L. Koek ◽  
...  

AbstractIncidental basal ganglia calcifications are a common finding on computed tomography (CT). We investigated the histological characteristics of these calcifications and their association with CT findings, using post-mortem basal ganglia tissue from 22 patients. Eight patients had basal ganglia calcifications on histology, and six patients had calcifications on CT, varying from mild to severe. Four patients had calcifications identified by both histology and CT, and two patients had calcifications detected by CT but not by histology, possibly because of insufficient tissue available. Calcifications were found mainly in the tunica media of arterioles located in the globus pallidus, which suggests that incidental CT calcifications are vascular in nature. However, tunica media calcifications, and thereby incidental basal ganglia calcifications, are probably not related to atherosclerosis.


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