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Axioms ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Satyanad Kichenassamy

Problem statement: The initiation of a detonation in an explosive gaseous mixture in the high activation energy regime, in three space dimensions, typically leads to the formation of a singularity at one point, the “hot spot”. It would be suitable to have a description of the physical quantities in a full neighborhood of the hot spot. Results of this paper: (1) To achieve this, it is necessary to replace the blow-up time, or time when the hot spot first occurs, by the blow-up surface in four dimensions, which is the set of all hot spots for a class of observers related to one another by a Lorentz transformation. (2) A local general solution of the nonlinear system of PDE modeling fluid flow and chemistry, with a given blow-up surface, is obtained by the method of Fuchsian reduction. Advantages of this solution: (i) Earlier approximate solutions are contained in it, but the domain of validity of the present solution is larger; (ii) it provides a signature for this type of ignition mechanism; (iii) quantities that remain bounded at the hot spot may be determined, so that, in principle, this model may be tested against measurements; (iv) solutions with any number of hot spots may be constructed. The impact on numerical computation is also discussed.


Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
pp. 2906
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Haslinger ◽  
Radek Kučera ◽  
Kristina Motyčková ◽  
Václav Šátek

The paper deals with the Stokes flow subject to the threshold leak boundary conditions in two and three space dimensions. The velocity–pressure formulation leads to the inequality type problem that is approximated by the P1-bubble/P1 mixed finite elements. The resulting algebraic system is nonsmooth. It is solved by the path-following variant of the interior point method, and by the active-set implementation of the semi-smooth Newton method. Inner linear systems are solved by the preconditioned conjugate gradient method. Numerical experiments illustrate scalability of the algorithms. The novelty of this work consists in applying dual strategies for solving the problem.


Author(s):  
Peter Lewintan ◽  
Patrizio Neff

For $1< p<\infty$ we prove an $L^{p}$ -version of the generalized trace-free Korn inequality for incompatible tensor fields $P$ in $W^{1,p}_0(\operatorname {Curl}; \Omega ,\mathbb {R}^{3\times 3})$ . More precisely, let $\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^{3}$ be a bounded Lipschitz domain. Then there exists a constant $c>0$ such that \[ \lVert{ P }\rVert_{L^{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3})}\leq c\,\left(\lVert{\operatorname{dev} \operatorname{sym} P }\rVert_{L^{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3})} + \lVert{ \operatorname{dev} \operatorname{Curl} P }\rVert_{L^{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3})}\right) \] holds for all tensor fields $P\in W^{1,p}_0(\operatorname {Curl}; \Omega ,\mathbb {R}^{3\times 3})$ , i.e., for all $P\in W^{1,p} (\operatorname {Curl}; \Omega ,\mathbb {R}^{3\times 3})$ with vanishing tangential trace $P\times \nu =0$ on $\partial \Omega$ where $\nu$ denotes the outward unit normal vector field to $\partial \Omega$ and $\operatorname {dev} P : = P -\frac 13 \operatorname {tr}(P) {\cdot } {\mathbb {1}}$ denotes the deviatoric (trace-free) part of $P$ . We also show the norm equivalence \begin{align*} &\lVert{ P }\rVert_{L^{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3})}+\lVert{ \operatorname{Curl} P }\rVert_{L^{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3})}\\ &\quad\leq c\,\left(\lVert{P}\rVert_{L^{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3})} + \lVert{ \operatorname{dev} \operatorname{Curl} P }\rVert_{L^{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3})}\right) \end{align*} for tensor fields $P\in W^{1,p}(\operatorname {Curl}; \Omega ,\mathbb {R}^{3\times 3})$ . These estimates also hold true for tensor fields with vanishing tangential trace only on a relatively open (non-empty) subset $\Gamma \subseteq \partial \Omega$ of the boundary.


Three space companies founded by billionaires have recently begun carrying passengers to space


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquim Gomis ◽  
Euihun Joung ◽  
Axel Kleinschmidt ◽  
Karapet Mkrtchyan

Abstract We construct a generalisation of the three-dimensional Poincaré algebra that also includes a colour symmetry factor. This algebra can be used to define coloured Poincaré gravity in three space-time dimensions as well as to study generalisations of massive and massless free particle models. We present various such generalised particle models that differ in which orbits of the coloured Poincaré symmetry are described. Our approach can be seen as a stepping stone towards the description of particles interacting with a non-abelian background field or as a starting point for a worldline formulation of an associated quantum field theory.


2021 ◽  
pp. 109193
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Plebanek ◽  
Alberto Salguero Alarcón
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.H.K. Geerasee Wijesuriya

Twin prime numbers are two prime numbers which have the difference equals to exactly 2. In other words, twin primes is a pair of two prime numbers which have the value of the difference exactly two. Sometimes the word “twin prime” is used for a pair of twin primes; an another name for this is considered as “prime twin” or called as “prime pajir”. Up to date there is no any exact proof/disproof for twin prime conjecture since roughly 200 years in the world. Through this research paper, my attempt is to provide a valid proof for twin prime conjecture. This new paper is the detailed explanation of my previous paper that I completed on mid of the year 2020 titled as ‘Proof of Twin Prime Conjecture that can be obtained by using Contradiction method in Mathematics’ (WHICH IS WELL-RECONGNIZED ALL OVER THE WORLD through researchgate as well). And this proof of the existence of infinitely many twin primes can be applied to many subject areas in Physics, Chemistry and etc. And the proof of twin prime conjecture can be used to solve several unsolved problems in Physics, Chemistry and etc as well. Also as an additional result, at the end of this research paper, it discusses about an application of the Proof of Twin Prime Conjecture to the Quantum and Thermal Physics. There, this research paper consider three space volumes symbolized as area A , B and C. Inside areas A and B there are microscopic particles separately. By applying the proof of the twin prime conjecture, finally this will try to conclude that although the areas A and B have separated by area C, there are some particles those have moved from the area B to area A (due to the high thermal pressure of area B).


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.H.K. Geerasee Wijesuriya

Twin prime numbers are two prime numbers which have the difference equals to exactly 2. In other words, twin primes is a pair of two prime numbers which have the value of the difference exactly two. Sometimes the word “twin prime” is used for a pair of twin primes; an another name for this is considered as “prime twin” or called as “prime pair”. Up to date there is no any exact proof/disproof for twin prime conjecture since roughly 200 years in the world. Through this research paper, my attempt is to provide a valid proof for twin prime conjecture. This new paper is the detailed explanation of my previous paper that I completed on mid of the year 2020 titled as ‘Proof of Twin Prime Conjecture that can be obtained by using Contradiction method in Mathematics’ (WHICH IS WELL-RECONGNIZED ALL OVER THE WORLD through researchgate as well). And this proof of the existence of infinitely many twin primes can be applied to many subject areas in Physics, Chemistry and etc. And the proof of twin prime conjecture can be used to solve several unsolved problems in Physics, Chemistry and etc as well. Also as an additional result, at the end of this research paper, it discusses about an application of the Proof of Twin Prime Conjecture to the Quantum and Thermal Physics. There, this research paper consider three space volumes symbolized as area A , B and C. Inside areas A and B there are microscopic particles separately. By applying the proof of the twin prime conjecture, finally this will try to conclude that although the areas A and B have separated by area C, there are some particles those have moved from the area B to area A (due to the high thermal pressure of area B).


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