Optimal Control for a Nonlocal Model of Non-Newtonian Fluid Flows

This paper deals with an optimal control problem for a nonlocal model of the steady-state flow of a differential type fluid of complexity 2 with variable viscosity. We assume that the fluid occupies a bounded three-dimensional (or two-dimensional) domain with the impermeable boundary. The control parameter is the external force. We discuss both strong and weak solutions. Using one result on the solvability of nonlinear operator equations with weak-to-weak and weak-to-strong continuous mappings in Sobolev spaces, we construct a weak solution that minimizes a given cost functional subject to natural conditions on the model data. Moreover, a necessary condition for the existence of strong solutions is derived. Simultaneously, we introduce the concept of the marginal function and study its properties. In particular, it is shown that the marginal function of this control system is lower semicontinuous with respect to the directed Hausdorff distance.

Optimal Boundary Control of Non-Isothermal Viscous Fluid Flow

We study an optimal control problem for the mathematical model that describes steady non-isothermal creeping flows of an incompressible fluid through a locally Lipschitz bounded domain. The control parameters are the pressure and the temperature on the in-flow and out-flow parts of the boundary of the flow domain. We propose the weak formulation of the problem and prove the existence of weak solutions that minimize a given cost functional. It is also shown that the marginal function of this control system is lower semi-continuous.

Change-of-state predicates and their use for expressing the future: the case of Livonian

The present article considers change-of-state predicates in Livonian and their possible development into future copulas. The focus is on the verbs īedõ ‘remain, stay; become’, sǭdõ ‘get; become’, and līdõ (synchronically a future copula), but also the verbs tūlda ‘come’ and lǟdõ ‘go’ are included for comparative purposes. The results show that all five verbs can be used for expressing change of state, but it depends on the particular verb and underlying construction, whether conveying the sense ‘become’ is a central or only a marginal function. This study shows that Courland Livonian fits well to the general picture of Northern Europe where the present tense form of a verb with meaning ‘become’ can be used for marking the future time reference, and at least one verb – līdõ – also appears as a future copula.Kokkuvõte. Miina Norvik: Muutust väljendavad predikaadid liivi keeles ning nende kasutamine tuleviku väljendamisel. Siinne artikkel analüüsib muutust märkivaid verbe liivi keeles ning nende võimalikku arengut tulevikukoopulaks. Põhirõhk on verbidel līdõ (sünkrooniliselt tulevikukoopula), sǭdõ ‘saada’ ja īedõ ‘jääda, saada’, kuid võrdluseks on vaadeldud ka verbe tūlda ‘tulla’ ja lǟdõ ‘minna’. Artiklis näidatakse, et kuigi kõik need viis verbi võivad esineda muutust väljendavana, on verbiti ja ühtlasi konstruktsiooniti erinev, kas muutuse väljendamine on esmane või üksnes marginaalne funktsioon. Uurimusest selgub, et kõige rahvapärasem ning üldisema tähendusega muutusverb liivi keeles on īedõ ‘jääda, saada’, mis siseneb translatiivsesse muutuskonstruktsiooni. Teine sage muutusverb on sǭdõ ‘saada’, kuid selle kasutamises võib vähemalt osaliselt tunda kontaktkeelte mõju, näiteks eelistatakse verbi sǭdõ ‘saada’ tarvitada muutuse väljendamiseks usulistes tekstides. Edasist arengut tulevikoopulaks näitab siiski vaid līdõ, mis ennekõike väljendab tulevikus olemist, kuigi tagaplaanil on sageli tunda ka muutuse tähendust ning ajaline tähenduselement põimub üldjuhul modaalse tähenduselemendiga.Märksõnad: seisundimuutus, koopulad, tuleviku väljendamine, Kuramaa liivi keelKubbõvõttõks. Miina Norvik: Mȭitõksvärbõd līvõ kīelsõ ja nänt kȭlbatõmi tulbiz āiga ulzkītõmiz pierāst. Se kēra tuņšlõb mȭitõksvärbidi līvõ kīelsõ ja nänt tultõkst tulbiz āiga kopulaks. Pǟažālistõz um vaņţõltõd värbidi līdõ, sǭdõ ja īedõ. Nēḑi um tazāntõd värbõdõks tūlda ja lǟdõ. Amād vīž värbõ võibõd ulzkītõ mȭitõkst. Vȱldantõs värbstõ ja konstruktsijst, või se um pǟtǟtõks agā set kūorali tǟntõks. Tuņšlõks nägțõb, ku amā rovvīți mȭitõksvärb um īedõ, mis sōb kȭlbatõd konstruktsijs translatīvõks. Tuoi sagdi mȭitõksvärb um sǭdõ, bet se um lieudtõb emmit vaimližis tekstis. Võib vȱlda, ku se um kontaktkīeld mȯj. Kazāndõkst mȭitõks > tulbiz āiga kopula nägțõb set līdõ. Se kītõb pakāndim vȯlmizt, bet vel võib se kītõ mȭitõkst ja modālizt tǟntõkst.

REDUCTIONS IN THE TRANSLATION OF THE ENGLISH FILM SUBTITLES ‘LILO AND STITCH’ INTO INDONESIAN

Translation of subtitles commonly involves reductions due to certain reasons, therefore, it becomes interesting to be analyzed. This study is aimed at finding out the reductions of the translation of the English film subtitles ‘Lilo and Stitch’ into Indonesian, classifying the reductions into the subtitle strategies and analyzing the factors that causes the reduction. The data in this study are the transcriptions of English film subtitles and the Indonesian translation which were downloaded from the internet. The data were analyzed by using the theory of reductions and subtitle strategies by Gottlieb (1992), and also the theory from Rosa (2001) related to the factors causing the reductions in translating film subtitles. The findings and analysis show that there are 135 reductions in which 34 reductions belong to condensation strategy, 30 reductions belong to decimation strategy, and 71 reductions belong to deletion strategy. Two factors that cause the reductions in condensation and decimation strategies are the selection criteria characteristics of subtitling and the consequence of the secondary or marginal function of subtitles. The factor that causes reductions in deletion strategy is the change of spoken register to the written register, in which the unnecessary spoken features in English are omitted in Indonesian.

Sufficient Optimality and Sensitivity Analysis of a Parameterized Min-Max Programming

Sufficient optimality and sensitivity of a parameterized min-max programming with fixed feasible set are analyzed. Based on Clarke's subdifferential and Chaney's second-order directional derivative, sufficient optimality of the parameterized min-max programming is discussed first. Moreover, under a convex assumption on the objective function, a subdifferential computation formula of the marginal function is obtained. The assumptions are satisfied naturally for some application problems. Moreover, the formulae based on these assumptions are concise and convenient for algorithmic purpose to solve the applications.

Identification of Essential Charged Residues in Transmembrane Segments of the Multidrug Transporter MexB ofPseudomonas aeruginosa

ABSTRACT The MexABM efflux pump exports structurally diverse xenobiotics, utilizing the proton electrochemical gradient to confer drug resistance on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MexB subunit traverses the inner membrane 12 times and has two, two, and one charged residues in putative transmembrane segments 2 (TMS-2), TMS-4, and TMS-10, respectively. All five residues were mutated, and MexB function was evaluated by determining the MICs of antibiotics and fluorescent dye efflux. Replacement of Lys342 with Ala, Arg, or Glu and Glu346 with Ala, Gln, or Asp in TMS-2 did not have a discernible effect. Ala, Asn, or Lys substitution for Asp407 in TMS-4, which is well conserved, led to loss of activity. Moreover, a mutant with Glu in place of Asp407 exhibited only marginal function, suggesting that the length of the side chain at this position is important. The only replacements for Asp408 in TMS-4 or Lys939 in TMS-10 that exhibited significant function were Glu and Arg, respectively, suggesting that the native charge at these positions is required. In addition, double neutral mutants or mutants in which the charged residues Asp407 and Lys939 or Asp408 and Lys939 were interchanged completely lost function. An Asp408→Glu/Lys939→Arg mutant retained significant activity, while an Asp407→Glu/Lys939→Arg mutant exhibited only marginal function. An Asp407→Glu/Asp408→Glu double mutant also lost activity, but significant function was restored by replacing Lys939 with Arg (Asp407→Glu/Asp408→Glu/Lys939→Arg). Taken as a whole, the findings indicate that Asp407, Asp408, and Lys939 are functionally important and raise the possibility that Asp407, Asp408, and Lys939 may form a charge network between TMS-4 and TMS-10 that is important for proton translocation and/or energy coupling.