Karyological studies of Siberian species of the genus Viola L.

The article presents an analysis of chromosome numbers in Siberian species of the genus Viola (40 speciesfrom 12 sections) based on numerous literary sources and original data. In addition, hybrid forms from the collection site“Rare and endangered Plant Species” of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden (Novosibirsk) were analyzed. Just as theroots of germinated seeds, so the roots of adult plants from an open ground area were studied. Samples of different originswere investigated: Siberia, the Far East, Mongolia, Belarus, Korea, Japan, the Caucasus, in some taxa from remote points ofthe area (for example, V. selkirkii). This allowed us to reveal the variability of the chromosome numbers for some species.Chromosomes in species of this genus are small, 0.8–1.2 mkm long. This involves difficulties to count them. The presenceof mixoploids in some sections and the polybasic state of chromosome numbers for a number of species were established.Polymorphic species in the Violidum section are characterized by polyploid races. The variability of chromosome numbersin taxa reflects their ability to hybridize, as well as the processes of speciation. However, the predominance of autogamy formost species of the genus prevents intensive hybridization. Endemic and tertiary relicts are characterized by a stable number of chromosomes and they are tetraploids.

Determination of Stiffness Characteristics for WWER-1000 Support Components

Available approaches to computer justification of safe operation of reactor support components (RSC) are generally presented in the reports justifying RSC lifetime extension at Ukrainian NPPs. The experience of performing such calculations and analyzing the results indicates that there are issues to be improved. Thus, in particular, RSC stress-strain state is not analyzed for all force factors in the available calculations. It is typical for the reports on RSC lifetime extension justification that the strength assessment of the RSC is performed in an axisymmetric formulation (1/30). Meanwhile, a complex asymmetrical load from the main circulation pipelines is not considered, which affects RSC stress-strain state calculations as some stiffness characteristics (horizontal and torsional stiffness) cannot be determined correctly in a 1/30 axisymmetric formulation. The paper proposes a methodology for determining RSC stiffness in a complete formulation (without applying symmetry conditions), taking into account all geometric features and the interaction between individual structures and nodes of RSC. Thus, for each RSC (support ring, thrust ring, separating bellows), based on geometric features and types of connection to other components, stiffness to be determined to calculate the forces is defined (six for support ring and separating bellows and three for thrust ring respectively). Single loads in the form of forces and moments were imposed on the remote points connected to corresponding RSC surfaces to determine stiffness. This load made it possible to obtain the displacements and rotation angles of the corresponding remote points, which were used to calculate the stiffness characteristics. The described approach was first used in the calculations performed within justification of KhNPP Unit 1.

EVALUATION OF THE NATURAL RECREATION SYSTEM OF THE PERM REGION

In this paper we suggest a formula to evaluate the recreational possibilities of natural recreational systems (NRS). The formula depends on economic activity, accessibility, climate, relief and landscape attraction of unsettled territories. Unsettled territories are consisted with unpopulated areals with different scales and at the most remote points from any infrastructure, the center of unpopulated areals are situated. The aggregate of these unpopulated areas constitutes a natural recreational system - a natural area slightly modified by human economic activities in which recreation can be still carried out.The formula will allow choosing natural fit territories to develop recreational and tourist activities and create protected natural areas. Evaluation of the Perm region natural recreational system was conducted with the help of this formula. As a result, a map of the Perm region was portrayed on which there are some separate sections of similar NRS qualities. Most part of the region (48%) is at the average level of NRS quality. Only the north-eastern and a few particular sites on hills not affected by economic activities, are up to a high quality level (5%). None of the Perm region reaches the maximum score, due to climate severity and inability to fully use the territory for touristic activities throughout the whole year.

CAUCHY PROMLEMS IN GEOMECHANICS

Proposal about linear stress field of virgin solid and necessity for calculation stress-strain behavior near workings at actual mining cause to development analytical and numerical methods of the calculations. One-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of solids with relaxations, which are placed to the class of Couchy problems, for which Cauchy initial data are formulated, has been occurred. It is related to the fact that in rock mechanics plane with relaxation or space with cavity, for which there are infinitely remote points, are considered. There are known solutions, when boundary conditions represented by constants, determined by initial stress field adopted for concrete solid, are formulated on the infinity. In condition of numerical calculation, the software usually gives some result, accuracy of which does not control. Worldwide scientific schools represent same results which are in antimony with theory of equals of mathematical physics, which have outlined class of Cauchy problems for that with cancelled out boundary condition on the infinity. In the work, problems of rock mechanics for the plane relaxed with random holes are considered. The necessity to carry out points of the theory is proved. Method of solving of such problem class based on getting so-called additional solution formulated in class of Cauchy problem is proposed.

Distributed synthesis of chains with one-way biphotonic control

An example of a one-way distributed computation is given in which the use of entangled states of two photons to synchronize processes gives a benefit. The process of assembling polymer chains at two remote points is considered; the quality of the assembly is determined when they are superimposed on each other. The effect of using entangled states is almost 14 percents.

On Flows Spectrum on Closed Trio of Contours with Uniform Load

Considered dynamical system is a flow of clusters with the same length $l$ on contours of unit lengthconnected in polar-remote points into closed chain.When clusters move trough common node, the left-priority rule of conflict resolution works.In the paper it is shown that in the case of chain consisted third contours the dynamical system has a spectrum of velocity and mode periodicity consisted on not more two components.Distribution of spectrum in dependence on load $l$ is developed.Hypothesis on discrete spectrum in the case of arbitrary number of contours are formulated.

Localic remote points revisited

We consider remote points in general extensions of frames, with an emphasis on perfect extensions. For a strict extension ?XL ? L determined by a set X of filters in L, we show that if there is an ultrafilter in X then the extension has a remote point. In particular, if a completely regular frame L has a maximal completely regular filter which is an ultrafilter, then ?L ? L has a remote point, where ?L is the Stone-C?ch compactification of L. We prove that in certain extensions associated with radical ideals and l-ideals of reduced f-rings, remote points induced by algebraic data are exactly non-essential prime ideals or non-essential irreducible l-ideals. Concerning coproducts, we show that if M1 ? L1 and M2 ? L2 are extensions of T1-frames, then each of these extensions has a remote point if the extensionM1?M2?L1?L2 has a remote point.

Fuzzy Neural-Network-Based Controller

Using a controller is necessary for any automation system. The controller must be cheap, reliable, user friendly and not cause any problems for inputs and outputs. Classical control systems like proportional integral derivative (PID) put adequate results of linear systems and continuous-time. In fact, real control systems are time-variant, with non-linearity and poorly calculated dynamic variables. For this reason, conventional control systems need an expert person to adjust controller parameters in general. Sometimes an operator is required to solve control problems. Human control is not completely reliable. Also, it does not include any electronic communication. In modern factories, every point must be monitored and electronically controlled from remote points when necessary. In this study, including every electronic communication channel, a simplified handling, low-cost, reliable, Fuzzy Neural Network Controller (FNNC) is designed.