Comprehensive Analysis of IPT v/s CPT for Wireless EV Charging and Effect of Capacitor Plate Shape and Foreign Particle on CPT

In this paper, the analysis and discussion are presented for two prominent types of wireless charging, namely inductive power transfer (IPT) and capacitive power transfer (CPT). The paper presents a comparative analysis between CPT and IPT. A comparison between different geometries of plates used in CPT is performed and it is shown that rectangular-shaped plates have the best power transfer efficiency. The effect of foreign particles between the capacitor plates of a single-module as well as a double-module CPT system on capacitance and energy transfer density are also investigated in the paper. The case of ceramic coating on the capacitor plates and its effects on the capacitance and energy transfer density with varying thickness are analyzed and presented. Different naturally occurring particles such as water, sand and wet sand have been simulated between the capacitor plates of the CPT system and their respective impact on power transfer is analyzed and the simulation results are demonstrated.

Sponges as bioindicators for microparticulate pollutants

ABSTRACTAmongst other threats, the world’s oceans are faced with man-made pollution, including an increasing number of microparticulate pollutants. Sponges, aquatic filter-feeding animals, are able to incorporate fine foreign particles, and thus may be a potential bioindicator for microparticulate pollutants. To address this question, 15 coral reef demosponges sampled around Bangka Island (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) were analyzed for the nature of their foreign particle content using traditional histological methods, advanced light microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Sampled sponges accumulated and embedded the very fine sediment fraction (< 200 µm), absent in the surrounding sand, in the ectosome (outer epithelia) and spongin fibers (skeletal elements), which was confirmed by two-photon microscopy. A total of 34 different particle types were identified, of which degraded man-made products, i.e., polystyrene, cotton, titanium dioxide and blue-pigmented particles, were incorporated by eight specimens at concentrations between 91 to 612 particle/g dry sponge tissue. As sponges can weigh several hundreds of grams, we conservatively extrapolate that sponges can incorporate on average 10,000 microparticulate pollutants in their tissue. The uptake of particles, however, appears independent of the material, which suggests that the fluctuation in material ratios is due to the spatial variation of surrounding microparticles. Therefore, sponges have a strong potential to biomonitor microparticulate pollutants, such as microplastics and other degraded industrial products.

Comparison of the Sensitivity to Foreign Particle Ingestion of the GE-F101 and P/W-F100 Engines to Modern Aircraft Engines

The work described in this paper utilizes dust ingestion experimental results obtained using three Pratt/Whitney F-100, two GE F-101, one Pratt/Whitney J-57, and three Pratt/Whitney TF-33 military engines and two different combustor rigs (one utilizing a sector of the Pratt/Whitney F-100 annular combustor and the other utilizing an Allison T-56 can combustor) to scale results so that these previous experiments can be used to approximate the response of more current aircraft engines to foreign particle ingestion. Modern engines experience a combination of compression system erosion and material deposition in the combustor and on the high-pressure turbine (HPT) inlet vanes (and rotor blade complications) whereas the older engines (P/W TF-33 and J-57) experienced primarily an erosion problem as a result of the lower turbine inlet temperatures (TIT). As part of the results presented in this paper, the scaled estimates of material accumulation and component degradation have been compared to documented in-flight ash encounters, specifically KLM Flight 867, British Airways Flight 009, Qantas Flight 370, and an NASA scientific research flight. The results of the study allow one to make estimates of the time to initial issues for the RR RB-211, the GE CF-6, the GE/Snecma CFM-56, and the P/W JT9-D engines encountering dust clouds of specific concentration. Current engine certification procedures do not require any specific test condition that would approach the engine issues described in this paper.

Comparison of the Sensitivity to Foreign Particle Ingestion of the GE-F101 and P/W-F100 Engines to Modern Aircraft Engines

The work described in this paper utilizes dust ingestion experimental results obtained using three Pratt/Whitney F-100, two GE F-101, one Pratt/Whitney J-57, and three Pratt/Whitney TF-33 military engines and two different combustor rigs (one utilizing a sector of the Pratt/Whitney F-100 annular combustor and the other utilizing an Allison T-56 can combustor) to scale results so that these previous experiments can be used to approximate the response of more current aircraft engines to foreign particle ingestion. Modern engines experience a combination of compression system erosion and material deposition in the combustor and on the high-pressure turbine inlet vanes (and rotor blade complications) whereas the older engines (P/W TF-33 and J-57) experienced primarily an erosion problem as a result of the lower turbine inlet temperatures. As part of the results presented in this paper the scaled estimates of material accumulation and component degradation have been compared to documented in-flight ash encounters, specifically KLM Flight 867, British Airways Flight 009, Qantas Flight 370, and a NASA scientific research flight. The results of the study allow one to make estimates of the time to initial issues for the RR RB-211, the GE CF-6, the GE/Snecma CFM-56, and the P/W JT9-D engines encountering dust clouds of specific concentration. Current engine certification procedures do not require any specific test condition that would approach the engine issues described in this paper.

Simulation of Crack Growth in a Cell Containing an Inclusion Using Cohesive Elements

In this study, two cases of crack growth initiation from a foreign particle in a representative elementary volume are analyzed. The task is completed with a cohesive model implemented in ABAQUS. The results are compared with those obtained for an inclusion-free cell.