Deterministic-Inputs, Noisy Mixed Modeling for Identifying Coexisting Condensation Rules

In cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs), the condensation rule reflects how latent attributes influence individuals’ observed item responses. In practice, multiple condensation rules may be involved in an item simultaneously, which indicates that the contribution of required attributes to the correct item response probability follows multiple condensation rules with different proportions. To consider the coexisting condensation rules while keeping the interpretability of model parameters, this study proposed the deterministic-inputs, noisy mixed (DINMix) model. Two simulation studies were conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the proposed model. The results indicate that the model parameters for the DINMix model can be well recovered, and the DINMix model can accurately identify coexisting condensation rules. An empirical example was also analyzed to illustrate the applicability and advantages of the proposed model.

Gaze as a Window to the Process of Novel Adjective Mapping

This study evaluated two explanations for how learning of novel adjectives is facilitated when all the objects are from the same category (e.g., exemplar and testing objects are all CUPS) and the object category is a known to the children. One explanation (the category knowledge account) focuses on early knowledge of syntax–meaning correspondence, and another (the attentional account) focuses on the role of repeated perceptual properties. The first account presumes implicit understanding that all the objects belong to the same category, and the second account presumes only that redundant perceptual experiences minimize distraction from irrelevant features and thus guide children’s attention directly to the correct item. The present study tests the two accounts by documenting moment-to-moment attention allocation (e.g., looking at experimenter’s face, exemplar object, target object) during a novel adjective learning task with 50 3-year-olds. The results suggest that children’s attention was guided directly to the correct item during the adjective mapping and that such direct attention allocation to the correct item predicted children’s adjective mapping performance. Results are discussed in relation to their implication for children’s active looking as the determinant of process for mapping new words to their meanings.

Time-conjunctive representations of future events

It is widely accepted that people can predict the relative imminence of future events. However, it is unknown whether the timing of future events is represented using only a "strength-like" estimate or if future events are represented conjunctively with their position on a mental timeline. We examined how people judge temporal relationships among anticipated future events using the novel Judgment of Anticipated Co-Occurence (JACO) task. Participants were initially trained on a stream of letters sampled from a probabilistically repeating sequence. During test trials, the stream was interrupted with pairs of probe letters and the participants' task was to choose the probe letter they expected to appear in the stream during a lagged target window 4-6 items (4.3-8.5 seconds) in the future. Participants performed above chance as they gained experience with the task. Because the correct item was sometimes the more imminent probe letter and other times the less imminent probe letter, these results rule out the possibility that participants relied solely on thresholding a strength-like estimate of temporal imminence. Rather, these results suggest that participants held 1) temporally organized predictions of the future letters in the stream, 2) a temporal estimate of the lagged target window, and 3) some means to compare the two and evaluate their temporal alignment. Response time increased with the lag to the more imminent probe letter, suggesting that participants accessed the future sequentially in a manner that mirrors scanning processes previously proposed to operate on memory representations in the short-term judgment of recency task.

Discovering the behavior of the students using data mining techniques

The real issue of numerous online sites is the introduction of numerous decisions for the different users at once. This normally comes about into tedious undertaking in discovering the correct item or data on the site. The user present intrigue relies on the navigational conduct which causes the associations to control users in their perusing exercises and acquire some applicable data in a limited ability to focus time. Since, the subsequent examples, which are acquired through data mining systems, did not perform well in the forecast of future temples designs due to the low coordinating rate of coming about tenets and of user's perusing conduct. This paper centers around the investigation of the pro-grammed web use data mining and proposal framework, which depends on current user conduct through his/her, snap stream information. In this paper, we attempt to show signs of improvement understanding on how Internet utilization of understudy's conduct in Engineering College can influence on their everyday scholarly exercises additionally it thinks about the use examples of various department' understudies. What's more, we endeavor to discover similitudes and dissimilarities of use examples of understudies on different branches and discovering connections between Internet utilization examples of understudies and their student performance CPI (Cumulative Performance Index). This paper displays the consequences of an investigation for a time of three months, in regards to the behavior mining of understudies identified with their Internet use designs with examining access log documents.

Collection Inventory in a Canadian Academic Dentistry Library

Introduction: Collection inventories are time consuming but necessary to clean up catalogue records and improve access and retrieval. This article outlines the methods of carrying out an inventory project at the Dentistry Library, University of Toronto, for the first time in 16 years. As a result, a kit was developed to help implement this project in future years. Description: The kit outlines the steps for the inventory including creating a shelf-list using SIRSIDynix Symphony 3.0's report function, importing into Excel, and separating the collection in smaller sections to make the process less onerous. Outcomes: Readers are informed of the results of this inventory and challenges that arose with the hope that similar projects will be encouraged in other libraries. Collection analysis was not completed in depth, but general conclusions can be stated about the strengths and weaknesses at this time. Discussion: Because of the length of time since the last inventory was completed, this project took longer than expected. The inventory kit, developed from the lessons learned, will facilitate future inventories at the Dentistry Library, as well as other libraries undertaking a collection inventory. Conclusion: Overall, this was a great learning exercise for the Dentistry Library team, and it resulted in improved access to materials by providing users with the correct item information.

Encoding Social Interactions: The Neural Correlates of True and False Memories

In social situations, we encounter information transferred in firsthand (egocentric) and secondhand (allocentric) communication contexts. However, the mechanism by which an individual distinguishes whether a past interaction occurred in an egocentric versus allocentric situation is poorly understood. This study examined the neural bases for encoding memories of social interactions through experimentally manipulating the communication context. During fMRI data acquisition, participants watched video clips of an actor speaking and gesturing directly toward them (egocentric context) or toward an unseen third person (allocentric context). After scanning, a recognition task gauged participants' ability to recognize the sentences they had just seen and to recall the context in which the sentences had been spoken. We found no differences between the recognition of sentences spoken in egocentric and allocentric contexts. However, when asked about the communication context (“Had the actor directly spoken to you?”), participants tended to believe falsely that the actor had directly spoken to them during allocentric conditions. Greater activity in the hippocampus was related to correct context memory, whereas the ventral ACC was activated for subsequent inaccurate context memory. For the interaction between encoding context and context memory, we observed increased activation for egocentric remembered items in the bilateral and medial frontal cortex, the BG, and the left parietal and temporal lobe. Our data indicate that memories of social interactions are biased to be remembered egocentrically. Self-referential encoding processes reflected in increased frontal activation and decreased hippocampal activation might be the basis of correct item but false context memory of social interactions.

Locus of the Information Familiarity Effect in the Search of Computer Menus

Preliminary empirical findings (Somberg, Boggs, & Picardi, 1982) concerning the search of computer menus indicated that one's familiarity with the information being sought had an effect on the speed with which the correct item was selected from the menu, but did not influence the scan rate per se. Results from three experiments which attempted to determine the locus of that effect are presented here. It was hypothesized that the familiarity of the desired information has an effect on either (1) the time needed to activate the category that described the information or (2) the time needed to confirm that a selected item was the correct one. As neither hypothesis received empirical validation, it was determined that the accuracy, rather than the duration, of the category activation stage is the causative agent. Category activation errors, which are more frequent when the desired information is unfamiliar, necessitate additional cognitive processing which increases the overall response latency.