Locus of the Information Familiarity Effect in the Search of Computer Menus

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 826-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin L. Somberg ◽  
Maria C. Picardi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Empirical Validation ◽  
Familiarity Effect ◽  
Correct Item ◽  
Overall Response ◽  
Scan Rate ◽  
Per Se

Preliminary empirical findings (Somberg, Boggs, & Picardi, 1982) concerning the search of computer menus indicated that one's familiarity with the information being sought had an effect on the speed with which the correct item was selected from the menu, but did not influence the scan rate per se. Results from three experiments which attempted to determine the locus of that effect are presented here. It was hypothesized that the familiarity of the desired information has an effect on either (1) the time needed to activate the category that described the information or (2) the time needed to confirm that a selected item was the correct one. As neither hypothesis received empirical validation, it was determined that the accuracy, rather than the duration, of the category activation stage is the causative agent. Category activation errors, which are more frequent when the desired information is unfamiliar, necessitate additional cognitive processing which increases the overall response latency.

Effect of pH on metabolism of alpha-ketoglutarate by renal cortical mitochondria

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (2) ◽  
pp. F120-F126 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Tannen ◽  
A. S. Kunin
Keyword(s):  
Low Ph ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Glutamine Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Effect Of Ph ◽  
Adaptive Changes ◽  
Overall Response ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference

The effect of acid-base perturbations on mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) metabolism was quantitated by measuring the nitrogen and carbon metabolites of glutamine. alpha-KG metabolized was calculated as the difference between alpha-KG production from glutamine (glutamate deamination plus transamination) and alpha-KG accumulation in the medium. Under all experimental conditions accumulation in the medium of malate plus aspartate was altered similarly to the calculated change in alpha-KG metabolism. Mitochondria from rats with chronic acidosis were compared to pair-fed controls. Chronic acidosis resulted in increased alpha-KG production and its intramitochondrial concentration; the rate of conversion of alpha-KG to succinate was unchanged. When mitochondria from normal animals were incubated at pH 7.0, 7.4, and 7.7, the amount of alpha-KG metabolized was altered, but the magnitude and direction of the response was dependent on the concentration of glutamine (0.5, 1.0, or 5.0 mM). A low pH depressed production but stimulated the subsequent metabolism of alpha-KG, whereas an alkaline pH acted in the opposite fashion. The overall response at a given glutamine concentration depended on which effect predominated. Accordingly, chronic acidosis does not induce adaptive changes, but pH, per se, directly alters intramitochondrial alpha-KG metabolism.

scholarly journals Mobile EEG identifies the re-allocation of attention during real-world activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Ladouce ◽  
David I. Donaldson ◽  
Paul A. Dudchenko ◽  
Magdalena Ietswaart
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Real World ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Processing Demands ◽  
Neural Marker ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Human Participants

Abstract The distribution of attention between competing processing demands can have dramatic real-world consequences, however little is known about how limited attentional resources are distributed during real-world behaviour. Here we employ mobile EEG to characterise the allocation of attention across multiple sensory-cognitive processing demands during naturalistic movement. We used a neural marker of attention, the Event-Related Potential (ERP) P300 effect, to show that attention to targets is reduced when human participants walk compared to when they stand still. In a second experiment, we show that this reduction in attention is not caused by the act of walking per se. A third experiment identified the independent processing demands driving reduced attention to target stimuli during motion. ERP data reveals that the reduction in attention seen during walking reflects the linear and additive sum of the processing demands produced by visual and inertial stimulation. The mobile cognition approach used here shows how limited resources are precisely re-allocated according to the sensory processing demands that occur during real-world behaviour.

The Accuracy and Precision of Measurement: Tools for Validating Reaction Time Stimuli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Avila Calcagnotto ◽  
Richard Huskey ◽  
Gerald M. Kosicki
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Asteroid Impact ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Time Latency

Measurement noise differs by instrument and limits the validity and reliability of findings. Researchers collecting reaction time data introduce noise in the form of response time latency from hardware and software, even when collecting data on standardized computer-based experimental equipment. Reaction time is a measure with broad application for studying cognitive processing in communication research that is vulnerable to response latency noise. In this study, we utilized an Arduino microcontroller to generate a ground truth value of average response time latency in Asteroid Impact, an open source, naturalistic, experimental video game stimulus. We tested if response time latency differed across computer operating system, software, and trial modality. Here we show that reaction time measurements collected using Asteroid Impact were susceptible to response latency variability on par with other response-latency measuring software tests. These results demonstrate that Asteroid Impact is a valid and reliable stimulus for measuring reaction time data. Moreover, we provide researchers with a low-cost and open-source tool for evaluating response time latency in their own labs. Our results highlight the importance of validating measurement tools and support the philosophy of contributing methodological improvements in communication science.

Letter-Naming time as a Function of Set Familiarity and Symbol Distinctiveness

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-399
Author(s):  
W. A. Hershberger ◽  
P. R. Trantina ◽  
Kathy Cosgrove
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Naming Time ◽  
Familiarity Effect ◽  
College Males ◽  
Letter Naming ◽  
Factorial Combination ◽  
Identification Time

Two symbol-naming experiments were conducted assessing the dependence of Fitts and Switzer's set-familiarity effect upon symbol distinctiveness. Sixty college males named printed letters presented in a strobotron tachistoscope, the letter always being selected from a preannounced set of three. A voice key detected the response. Experiment I found the Fitts and Switzer finding to be a joint effect: response latency for naming the symbol B in the unfamiliar but distinctive set, VBO, was intermediate to that for the familiar distinctive set, ABC, and the unfamiliar, homolographic set, PBE, the two sets used by Fitts and Switzer. Experiment II, a factorial combination of set familiarity and symbol distinctiveness yielded a significant interaction such that with homolographic symbols, set familiarity was associated with an increase in reaction time. The results were interpreted as consistent with an hypothesis that the set-familiarity effect relates to symbol-identification time as opposed to response-identification time.

Cognitive processes and computerized personality assessment

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Mervielde
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Cognitive Schemas ◽  
Criterion Measure ◽  
Item Score ◽  
Item Scores

Several implications of the cognitive viewpoint on personality are tested and the predictive validity of cognitive processing variables is assessed with judgements of parents and friends as a criterion measure. Free recall of items was related to cognitive schemas but reaction time during score recall was not. Ease of faking as well as response latency during faking were not related to cognitive schemas. Intra‐individual analysis revealed a consistent non‐linear relationship between response latency and item score in all conditions of the experiment. Although some cognitive process variables were correlated with the criterion measures, adding these variables to item scores did not always increase the predictive validity.

scholarly journals The N400's 3 As: Association, Automaticity, Attenuation (and Some Semantics Too)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Michelle Buchanan ◽  
John E. Scofield ◽  
Nathan Nunley
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Unrelated Word ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Latency Data ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Letter Search

The N400 waveform carries new insight into the nature of linguistic processing and may shed light into the automaticity of priming word relationships. We investigated semantic and associative word pairs in classic lexical decision and letter search tasks to examine their differences in cognitive processing. Normed database information was used to create orthogonal semantic and associative word relationships to clearly define N400 waveforms and priming for these pairs. Participants showed N400 reduction for related word pairs, both semantic and associative, in comparison to unrelated word pairs for the lexical decision task, indicating automatic access for both types of relatedness. For a letter search task, the N400 showed differences between nonwords and other stimuli but no attenuation for related pairs. Response latency data indicated associative priming in both tasks with semantic priming also found in the letter search task. These results help discern possible automatic and controlled processes occurring during these tasks, as the N400 may show automatic processing during the lexical decision task, while the response latency data may provide evidence for controlled processing during the letter search task.

Temporal and spatial opportunities for polygamy in a monogamous seahorse, Hippocampus whitei

Behaviour ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Evans ◽  
Laila Sadler ◽  
Amanda Vincent ◽  
A. Dale Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Mating Pattern ◽  
Familiarity Effect ◽  
Spatial Constraints ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Potential Reproductive Rate

AbstractThe sex with the higher potential reproductive rate is expected to mate polygamously unless there are temporal or spatial constraints on mate availability. We investigated whether such constraints were evident in a population of the monogamous seahorse Hippocampus whitei (family Syngnathidae). Across the whole study site, breeding was more asynchronous than expected by chance. Our findings are thus compatible with the hypothesis that asynchronous breeding may promote and/or maintain monogamy. Asynchrony per se was unlikely to explain monogamy entirely, however, as temporal opportunities for polygamy remained and the males that were nearest one another had the lowest level of asynchrony. Moreover, each animal's home range overlapped with home ranges of potential mates other than their partner, implying a lack of spatial constraints on polygamy. We suggest that H. whitei mated monogamously because the benefits of polygamy were reduced by (1) only small differences in the potential reproductive rates of males and females and/or (2) a mate familiarity effect that increased reproductive success in successive matings. Further research could investigate relationships between mating pattern and varying intersexual differences in potential reproductive rates across syngnathid species.

scholarly journals The Accuracy and Precision of Measurement

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Leandro Calcagnotto ◽  
Richard Huskey ◽  
Gerald M. Kosicki
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Asteroid Impact ◽  
Time Latency

Abstract Measurement noise differs by instrument and limits the validity and reliability of findings. Researchers collecting reaction time data introduce noise in the form of response time latency from hardware and software, even when collecting data on standardized computer-based experimental equipment. Reaction time is a measure with broad application for studying cognitive processing in communication research that is vulnerable to response latency noise. In this study, we utilized an Arduino microcontroller to generate a ground truth value of average response time latency in Asteroid Impact, an open source, naturalistic, experimental video game stimulus. We tested if response time latency differed across computer operating system, software, and trial modality. Here we show that reaction time measurements collected using Asteroid Impact were susceptible to response latency variability on par with other response-latency measuring software tests. These results demonstrate that Asteroid Impact is a valid and reliable stimulus for measuring reaction time data. Moreover, we provide researchers with a low-cost and open-source tool for evaluating response time latency in their own labs. Our results highlight the importance of validating measurement tools and support the philosophy of contributing methodological improvements in communication science.

scholarly journals The Effect of Non-Native Accents and Stereotypes on Speaker Perception and Comprehension

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2 (17)) ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
Susanna Baghdasaryan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Linguistic Community ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Native Speech ◽  
Cognitive Techniques ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Better Than

The paper argues that linguistic forms per se do not have any positive or negative meaning and that one form is not better than the other. However, this is not fully perceived outside the narrow linguistic community. Very often it is demonstrated by the apparent stigmatization of non-native accents by native speakers of the language. This phenomenon seems true in reference to many communities and languages. Different sociolinguists have conducted research to prove the ungrounded nature of linguistic partiality. They try to account for the listeners’ attitudes towards non-native speech by incorporating the model of dual cognitive processing methods, namely implicit and explicit. They believe that attitudes are formed by the interaction of these two cognitive mechanisms. The negative attitude can be cured by application of more explicit cognitive techniques.

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