Prof. E. H. Kisch. Zur Lehre von den Tubensäcken. (Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1894, no. 7). To the doctrine of pipe bags

The author gives an instructive case of death due to the penetration of a purulent tube into the peritoneal cavity. He prefaces a description of his case with a general remark about the diagnosis of accumulations in pipes, the symptoms caused by them, indicated for operational intervention and the lack of certainty in showing the last.

Software and resources for experiments and data analysis of MEG and EEG data

Data from magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) is extremely rich and multifaceted. For example, in a standard MEG recording with 306 sensors and a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz, 306,000 data points are sampled every second. To be able to answer the question, which was the ultimate reason for acquiring the data, thus necessitates efficient data handling. Luckily, several software packages have been developed for handling MEG and/or EEG data. To name some of the most popular: MNE-Python; FieldTrip; Brainstorm; EEGLAB and SPM. These are all available under a public domain licence, meaning that they can be run, shared and modified by anyone. Commercial software released under proprietary licences include BESA and CURRY. It is important to be aware of that for clinical diagnosis of for example epilepsy, certified software is required FieldTrip, MNE-Python, Brainstorm, EEGLAB and SPM for example cannot be used for that. In this chapter, the emphasis will be on MNE-Python and FieldTrip. This will allow users of both Python and MATLAB (or alternatively GNU Octave to code along as the chapter unfolds. As a general remark, all that MNE-Python can do, FieldTrip can do and vice versa – though with some small difference. A full analysis going from raw data to a source reconstruction will be presented, illustrated with both code and figures with the aim of providing newcomers to the field a stepping stone towards doing their own analyses of their own datasets.

Software and resources for experiments and data analysis of MEG and EEG data

Data from magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) is extremely rich and multifaceted. For example, in a standard MEG recording with 306 sensors and a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz, 306,000 data points are sampled every second. To be able to answer the question, which was the ultimate reason for acquiring the data, thus necessitates efficient data handling. Luckily, several software packages have been developed for handling MEG and/or EEG data. To name some of the most popular: MNE-Python; FieldTrip; Brainstorm; EEGLAB and SPM. These are all available under a public domain licence, meaning that they can be run, shared and modified by anyone. Commercial software released under proprietary licences include BESA and CURRY. It is important to be aware of that for clinical diagnosis of for example epilepsy, certified software is required FieldTrip, MNE-Python, Brainstorm, EEGLAB and SPM for example cannot be used for that. In this chapter, the emphasis will be on MNE-Python and FieldTrip. This will allow users of both Python and MATLAB (or alternatively GNU Octave to code along as the chapter unfolds. As a general remark, all that MNE-Python can do, FieldTrip can do and vice versa – though with some small difference. A full analysis going from raw data to a source reconstruction will be presented, illustrated with both code and figures with the aim of providing newcomers to the field a stepping stone towards doing their own analyses of their own datasets.

Software and resources for experiments and data analysis of MEG and EEG data

Data from magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) is extremely rich and multifaceted. For example, in a standard MEG recording with 306 sensors and a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz, 306,000 data points are sampled every second. To be able to answer the question, which was the ultimate reason for acquiring the data, thus necessitates efficient data handling. Luckily, several software packages have been developed for handling MEG and/or EEG data. To name some of the most popular: MNE-Python; FieldTrip; Brainstorm; EEGLAB and SPM. These are all available under a public domain licence, meaning that they can be run, shared and modified by anyone. Commercial software released under proprietary licences include BESA and CURRY. It is important to be aware of that for clinical diagnosis of for example epilepsy, certified software is required FieldTrip, MNE-Python, Brainstorm, EEGLAB and SPM for example cannot be used for that. In this chapter, the emphasis will be on MNE-Python and FieldTrip. This will allow users of both Python and MATLAB (or alternatively GNU Octave to code along as the chapter unfolds. As a general remark, all that MNE-Python can do, FieldTrip can do and vice versa – though with some small difference. A full analysis going from raw data to a source reconstruction will be presented, illustrated with both code and figures with the aim of providing newcomers to the field a stepping stone towards doing their own analyses of their own datasets.

Gravitational waves in modified gravity

Gravitational waves (GWs) in Modified Gravity are discussed and compared with General Relativity in view of possible detection of new modes. After a summary of some classes of modified theories, we recall GWs properties in General Relativity as the basic standard by which to compare any modified theory. Then, we discuss GWs in Extended Theories like [Formula: see text] gravity, scalar–tensor gravity, Gauss–Bonnet gravity and other gauge theories, as well as Teleparallel Equivalent General Relativity (TEGR), taking into account also torsion instead of curvature, to describe the gravitational field. As a general remark, all these theories lead to new polarizations in addition to the two standard modes of General Relativity. It is possible to show that, in 4 dimensions, the polarizations are at most 6. Theoretical and experimental implications of new modes are briefly discussed.

An Iroquois in Paris and a Crusoe on a Desert Island: Kant’s Aesthetics and the Process of Civilization

In section 2 of Critique of the Power of Judgment (1790) Immanuel Kant refers to the Iroquois sachem declaring that what pleased him in Paris were cook-shops, not palaces. For Kant the sachem seems to be a barbarian ensnared by his appetite and incapable of disinterested pleasure. This essay, however, argues first that Kant, extracting this episode from “The History of New France” (1744) written by French Jesuit missionary Charlevoix, tacitly advocates the idea of the noble savage, thereby giving the Iroquois sachem the function of criticizing a luxurious civilization. Second, the essay shows that in the “General Remark on the Exposition of Aesthetic Reflective Judgments” Kant evaluates positively a castaway Crusoe as a person who withdraws from civilized society, conscious of the fact that society is far from being a moral ideal. The Iroquois sachem and the castaway Crusoe are examples that anticipate section 83 in the second part of his Critique of the Power of Judgment, which focuses on the role of the faculty of taste in the process of civilization, thereby incorporating into his whole system the theory of taste as expounded in the first part.

General

I start with two Routledge publications. My general remark has nothing to do with the authors but is directed at the publisher: these books are very expensive as hardbacks, so a paperback, at a third of the cost, might appear to be an attractive alternative. However, my own paperback copy of Understanding Greek Religion fell apart on the second opening and continues to disintegrate with every use because the paper is very thick and the pages are glued instead of bound. In the light of the fact that Larson's book aims to be ‘essential resource for both undergraduate and postgraduate students of Greek culture and ancient Mediterranean religions’ (i), the publisher's ‘caveat emptor’ approach is especially jarring. In addition, the format of both books (each chapter is followed by the endnotes and a separate bibliography) is not only impractical as it forces the reader to jump forwards and backwards constantly, but also contributes significantly to the further disintegration of the book. I hope that Routledge will be able to correct this problem with its paperbacks.

KANT AND LEIBNIZ ON NEGATIVE MAGNITUDES

The essay entitled An Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magnitudes into Philosophy has often (although not always) been interpreted as the sudden eruption of Humeinspired doubts in the middle of Kant’s otherwise rationalist projects, and as heralding the view of metaphysics later expressed in Dreams of a Spirit-seer.1 For this reason nearly all the attention given to this work is focused on Kant’s final and quite brief General Remark, which constitutes less than one-tenth of the essay. The real heart of the text, however, lies elsewhere, and once this becomes clear it also becomes evident that Hume is really irrelevant to the entire issue. Indeed, what strikes many readers as reminiscent of Hume in the General Remark is nearly a paraphrase of a few passages from Crusius’s famous Dissertatio philosophica de usu et limitibus principii rationis determinantis (1743), and the general tendency of the whole is not essentially different from what is seen in Kant’s earlier New Elucidation. The truth of the matter – or so I will argue in this paper – is that in this essay Kant actually approaches closer to the original ideas of Leibniz than at any other moment in his career, even closer than did Wolff or his followers. Moreover, I argue that in doing so Kant raises precisely the kinds of difficulties with the Wolffian position on the principle of sufficient reason that, I suspect, Leibniz himself would have raised.

PROBLEMATYKA ROZWODÓW W ŚWIETLE WYPOWIEDZI DUCHOWNYCH KATOLICKICH UCZESTNICZĄCYCH W BADANIU SOCJOLOGICZNYM

DIVORCE ISSUES IN THE LIGHT OF THE RESPONSES OF PRIESTS PARTICIPATING IN A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY Summary The subject of this essay is a sociological survey on divorce conducted among 201 Roman Catholic priests. The survey was part of a larger project involving a wide range of interviewees including divorced persons. It was carried out in 2005-2006 using funds assigned for the statutory purposes of the Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of Special Education in Warsaw. The project was directed by Prof. W. Stojanowska, and Father M. Kosek PhD acted as a consultant for the compilation of the priests’ survey. The priests who participated in the survey came from all the voivodships in Poland. They answered a number of questions on issues such as the reasons behind conflicts between spouses and their (viz. the priests’) role in efforts to resolve them, and their legal awareness of issues associated with the divorce court’s determination of the cause of marital breakdown. Survey questions related particularly to alcoholism, infidelity, and a child’s disability as causes of the conflict. In the final part of the essay there are a few remarks summarising the results of the survey, showing that the priests who took part in it had a vast knowledge on marital conflict. The survey also showed that priests enjoy a considerable amount of trust and can be of substantial assistance as counsellors to spouses in conflict. The priests identified particular stages of conflict and difficulties in resolving them, which indicates that they had studied these problems in detail. The research results lead to one general remark: spouses need counselling to resolve their conflict and they look for assistance (however, sometimes at too late a stage). Also thanks to their availability, priests constitute one of the few professions that may provide spouses with such counselling.