Influence of single charge salting-out agents on solvent extraction of iron (III) from chloride solutions with oxygen-containing extractants

The work is devoted to the solvent extraction of iron(III) from chloride solutions of single-charge salting-out agents with 2-octanone, 1-octanol, and their mixture at a 1:1 ratio. A comparison of the effect of the salting-out ability of single-charge cations on the extraction of iron (III) was made. It was found that at the cation concentration is less than 6 mol∙dm-3, the salting-out ability increases in the row NH4+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+ < H+.

Marcus inverted region of charge transfer from low-dimensional semiconductor materials

A key process underlying the application of low-dimensional, quantum-confined semiconductors in energy conversion is charge transfer from these materials, which, however, has not been fully understood yet. Extensive studies of charge transfer from colloidal quantum dots reported rates increasing monotonically with driving forces, never displaying an inverted region predicted by the Marcus theory. The inverted region is likely bypassed by an Auger-like process whereby the excessive driving force is used to excite another Coulomb-coupled charge. Herein, instead of measuring charge transfer from excitonic states (coupled electron-hole pairs), we build a unique model system using zero-dimensional quantum dots or two-dimensional nanoplatelets and surface-adsorbed molecules that allows for measuring charge transfer from transiently-populated, single-charge states. The Marcus inverted region is clearly revealed in these systems. Thus, charge transfer from excitonic and single-charge states follows the Auger-assisted and conventional Marcus charge transfer models, respectively. This knowledge should enable rational design of energetics for efficient charge extraction from low-dimensional semiconductor materials as well as suppression of the associated energy-wasting charge recombination.

Cosmic-ray-related Signals from Detectors in Space: The Spitzer/IRAC Si:As IBC Devices

We evaluate the hit rate of cosmic rays and their daughter particles on the Si:As IBC detectors in the IRAC instrument on the Spitzer Space Telescope. The hit rate follows the ambient proton flux closely, but the hits occur at more than twice the rate expected just from this flux. Toward large amplitudes, the size distribution of hits by single-charge particles (muons) follows the Landau Distribution. The amplitudes of the hits are distributed to well below the energy loss of a traditional “average minimum-ionizing proton” as a result of statistical fluctuations in the ionization loss within the detectors. Nonetheless, hits with amplitudes less than a few hundred electrons are rare; this places nearly all hits in an amplitude range that is readily identified given the read noises of modern solid-state detectors. The spread of individual hits over multiple pixels is dominated by geometric effects, i.e., the range of incident angles, but shows a modest excess probably due to: (1) showering and scattering of particles; (2) the energy imparted on the ionization products by the energetic protons; and (3) interpixel capacitance. Although this study is focused on a specific detector type, it should have general application to operation of modern solid-state detectors in space.

Electrical Scooter

Now a day we are having the more number of Vehicles. It causes the many problems in the day to day life. The major problems are pollution, traffic, depletion of non-renewable resources etc. The basic aim behind our project was to make an environmental friendly portable automobile which would be easy to handle by both the genders and would emit 0% emission. We have used Li-Ion battery as our main power source due to which there is no emission at all and also the problem of fuel consumption is solved. Also keeping in mind the parking problems now days, we decided to make a scooter which can be folded easily, and so after the use one can fold the scooter and can be easily carried. The design allows users to easily transport the scooter using less space when it is “folded” it becomes compact in size. It is a light-weight foldable electric scooter, produced on the basis of a brand new concept. This is an advantage in terms of reaching a very low weight and fold ability. The maximum speed the scooter is capable to operate with is 35 km/h, and its range with a single charge is approximately 25 km (with double battery pack 40 km). It has in-wheel-motors in rare wheel (single-wheel drive). Its folding can easily be mastered. In its folded state the scooter is the size of a large trolley and it can be pulled similarly. Its weight is less than 25 kg. It requires no parking space; in a folded state it can be stored anywhere.

Enhancement of blast wave parameters due to shock focusing from multiple simultaneously detonated charges

With the increase of terrorist attacks over the past decades, many engineering societies have started issuing design guides to calculate blast loads on structures. While such guides can be successfully used to assess blast loads due to single detonations, the effects of multiple detonations are often overlooked. In this research, the enhancement in blast parameters resulting from simultaneously detonating multiple charges is investigated, emphasising the interaction of blast waves with narrow targets. A parametric CFD study using the finite volume code Viper::Blast was performed where the number of charges, their arrangement, and the scaled stand-off distances were changed. It is found that, when detonated simultaneously, multiple charges return much higher pressure and impulse values compared to an equivalent single charge. Moreover, an arced arrangement of multiple charges is more efficient than a flat arrangement in enhancing blast wave parameters. Such enhancement is beneficial in scenarios involving demolition. Approximate methods to compute blast wave parameters from multiple simultaneously detonated spherical charges are presented in this study, where pressure and impulse from multiple charges can be computed by only knowing the parameters resulting from an equivalent single charge.

Performance Tests on a Novel Un-Finned Thermosyphon Heat Exchanger Requiring Single Charge

A novel design of an unfinned thermosyphon HPHX having a continuous closed tube loop which requires only a single charge is proposed for industrial waste heat recovery. The HPHX consists of 9×17 straight copper tubes in a staggered arrangement connected by 144 U bends. Without fins, not only are the pressure drops of the cooling air flow limited, but the cost, weight and maintenance effort can be greatly reduced. The thermal performance of this novel thermosyphon HPHX was tested with water at a filling ratio of 40%. The evaporator section is immersed in hot silicone oil, while the condenser section is cooled by air flow. The heat transfer rate (Q) reaches 6.65 kW at a heating pool temperature of 150 °C and a cooling air flow rate (F) of 1600 CMH, when the HPHX attains maximum effective thermal conductivity of 12,798 W/m-K. An ε-NTU theoretical model for single-tube thermosyphons was formulated with the boiling and film condensation modelled by empirical correlations. This model predicts the total resistance Rtot of the HPHX, which decreases with Q and F, with a total error of less than ±10%.

A Constrained Analysis of the 40Ca(18O,18F)40K Direct Charge Exchange Reaction Mechanism at 275 MeV

The 40Ca(18O,18F)40K single charge exchange (SCE) reaction is explored at an incident energy of 275 MeV and analyzed consistently by collecting the elastic scattering and inelastic scattering data under the same experimental conditions. Full quantum-mechanical SCE calculations of the direct mechanism are performed by including microscopic nuclear structure inputs and adopting either a bare optical potential or a coupled channel equivalent polarization potential (CCEP) constrained by the elastic and inelastic data. The direct SCE mechanism describes the magnitude and shape of the angular distributions rather well, thus suggesting the suppression of sequential multi-nucleon transfer processes.