The Paradox of State-Funded Higher Education: Does the Winner Still Take It All?

Contrary to the overall tendency to increase student participation in the financing of higher education, Estonia abolished student tuition fees in 2013. We study the effects of this reform on the students’ access to and progress in higher education, concentrating mostly on the changes in probabilities of rural and remote students being admitted (extensive margin) and graduating within a nominal time (intensive margin). We distinguish between four different outcomes: admission in general, admission to vocational education, admission to high-rank curricula, and graduation within nominal time. We confirm the tendency that a high socioeconomic status increases the probability of being admitted to high-rank curricula and reduces the probability of choosing an applied curriculum, and the 2013 reform did not change that. While the reform weakly improved rural students’ tendency to graduate on time, it diminished the probability that they were admitted to high-rank curricula. So, paradoxically and contrary to the intention of the reform, higher state involvement in higher education financing has not improved the equity in university admission in Estonia in terms of either socioeconomic background or regional disparities. We claim that part of the explanation of that paradox lies in the conditionality of this reform and the combination of a scarce needs-based and a competitive merit-based student support system in Estonia. We see our broader contribution in emphasising the important role of support systems in the future analysis of the potential to improve students’ access.

Education loan delivery by banks in India: A qualitative enquiry

Education financing is a key retail banking product for most commercial banks and a lifeline for large numbers of students seeking professional courses. This study aimed to identify the impediments in the successful delivery of this loan product in India, where it is marketed majorly by public sector banks under a common scheme devised by the government. The study adopted a qualitative approach to probe behavioral issues related to the credit appraisal process, which is the most suitable approach for unstructured exploratory design. Since credit managers in banks work with applicants for education loans, their insight becomes essential to understanding the issues plaguing with the smooth implementation and delivery of this scheme. Thus, ten public sector bank managers working in different geographical locations were selected using a homogeneity purposive sampling technique. The study collected 41 responses, which were then divided into 4 major categories. The responses were simultaneously transcribed manually to ensure that data remained close to the original verbatim of the participant. All transcribed interviews were imported into ATLAS.ti 8 Software for analysis. The 4 observational categories lead to a broad understanding that product accessibility, operational hurdles, scheme features and limitations in bad loan recovery are key bottlenecks in managing education loans. These responses had over 80% commonality on key issues of product feature and cost. It was concluded that education financing can perform better by improving access, rationalizing interest rates and liberalizing repayment terms. These findings can be used as input for tweaking the product for better performance.

The survival of school financing management in COVID-19 pandemic

This study aimed to explore the survival of school financing management during the COVID-19 pandemic, to assure the quality of teaching and learning continuously. This study used a qualitative design, and data collection is carried out by observing resource persons and in-depth interviews, analysis or analysis of documentation and a combination of the three as triangulation method. The collected data were analyzed using an interactive model. The results showed that financial management strategies in managing school finances effectively and efficiently, through transparency, accountability and responsibility, are considered to have contributed to the prospects, quality, progress and sustainability of education in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is based on the fact that many quality and good schools eventually experience setbacks due to the lack of transparency, accountability and responsibility in the management of education funds. Openness in schools can promote accountability and fight corruption in education, if it is implemented effectively and any malpractice is dealt with clear consequences. The implication is the strategies of education financing management in terms of transparency, accountability and accountability need to be carry out consistently to ensure the improvement of school quality runs in a sustainable manner.

INEQUALITY AND DISABILITY: IN STATISTICAL TERMS, WHAT ELSE DO WE NEED TO KNOW?

Social inequality is the phenomenon that differentiates between people in the context of the same society, placing some individuals in structurally more advantageous conditions than others. It manifests itself in all aspects: political, economic among others. The main causes of inequality are investment lack in social areas, health and education. Among the consequences of inequality, we highlight: increased violence, poverty, delay in economic progress; hunger, destruction and infant mortality; young marginalization people, and finally; rising unemployment. Among the main inequality types, we highlight: people with and without disabilities, regions, races; income and sex. To measure this inequality, we highlight HDI, Theil and MPI. A person with a disability is any person who presents a loss or abnormality that generates an inability to perform one or more activities, and these characteristics hinder their social inclusion, access to the labor market, transportation, education, financing and training; urban and environmental barriers, and finally; ignorance of employers. Situations like these provide disabilities people with lower wages when employed, worse purchasing power, less social participation providing greater exclusion and disadvantaged situations when compared to those without disabilities. For this work we used exploratory analysis techniques considering data sets from the 2010 IBGE Census and UNDP.

MANAJEMEN PEMBIAYAAN OPERASIONAL BOARDING SCHOOL PUTRA DARUL HIKAM DAGO GIRI BANDUNG

This paper aims to reveal the management of education financing at the Putra Darul Hikam Dago Giri boarding school Bandung. This study uses a qualitative method with the type of field research. The results showed that the education financing management at the Putra Darul Hikam Dago Giri boarding school Bandung, includes: Planning based on the evaluation of the previous year's budget, which was carried out by the Treasurer, Head of Bureau II and Head of Boarding school approved by the college director. Sources of funding are obtained from guardians of students, boarding, donors and foundations. Financing management includes entry and exit costs which include personnel, non-personnel and investment costs. Operational budget supervision is carried out by the Head of Bureau II and the Director of Darul Hikam College. Financial reports are carried out by two parties, namely by the foundation through the Darul Hikam college and by the chairman of the Boarding which is called the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) system.

Financing Higher Education

The rapid worldwide growth in higher education undergraduate enrollments since around 1990 has meant that governments have had to rethink provision and funding arrangements to help ensure both cost-effective and equitable outcomes. It is important to understand in detail the fundamental financial conceptual building blocks that are necessary for an efficacious and socially just higher education financing system. In response to the critical question of who should pay for higher education and student income support, the case for the sharing of the costs between students, graduates, and taxpayers is overwhelming from the perspectives of both efficiency and equity. Further, there is a consensus that governments should intervene with respect to the underwriting of student loans, but there are very important and quite different implications for borrowers with respect to loan collection arrangements. The most equitable and effective higher education financing instrument involves loans that are repaid only when and if debtors can afford to do so, known as income-contingent loans. The less desirable form of student loans, defined by time-based collection, is internationally still the most common approach, but recent advances in economic theory and econometric methodology provide both conceptual bases and exciting and innovative ways for governments to understand why traditional student loan approaches are inferior to income-contingent collection. When the effects of student loans on access and welfare become more properly understood, the case for targeted assistance for all disadvantaged prospective students for reasons of social justice remains compelling. The importance of the attainment of the right financing system was highlighted by the economic trauma associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, an ordeal that caused many universities to experience an entirely unexpected financial crisis and led millions of students to struggle with unanticipated loan repayment difficulties.

Manajemen Pembiayaan Bantuan Operasional Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan Madrasah Aliyah di Lingkungan Kantor Kementerian Agama Kota Surabaya

In the Indonesian education world system, education financing is a strategic element that will determine the attainment of the stated educational goals for registration. In other words, the quality of education practice in Indonesia is strongly influenced by the share of education financing. Because education cannot be separated from the use of funds or expenditures in the provision of education, educational institutions must prioritize the management of these costs so that they can be allocated according to their registration. This research is a qualitative descriptive study, using observation and interview methods, the data obtained to describe the process of allocating, monitoring, and evaluating education funds provided by the School Operational Assistance for the Ministry of Religion Surabaya Office to be distributed to madrasas in Surabaya. The results of this study indicate that the management of school operational assistance funding in the Ministry of Religion Office environment starting from the distribution of funding for school operational assistance funds at madrasah has been implemented as technical guidelines have been made, which in distribution must go through several stages such as making madrasah activity plans, making letters. a cooperation agreement, each distribution is carried out in two stages. Supervision of the financing of school operational assistance funds is carried out in direct and indirect ways, direct supervision is carried out to observe, inspect, check directly on work and receive reports of realization or supervision. Indirect supervision is carried out by looking at and checking again from the accountability report that has been made by the madrasah.

Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan (Analisis Konsep dan Implikasinya Terhadap Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan)

This study aims to analyze the basic concepts of education financing and its implications for improving the quality of education. This research uses the Library Research method. The results showed that improving the quality of an educational institution / institution is the hope and desire of the community who use educational services. Therefore, to make this happen, various strategic efforts have been made by the government and the community as managers and education stakeholders. Among them, what the government is doing is designing national education standards. Based on the law national education system Number. 20 of 2003 there are 8 national standards, which aim to improve the quality of an educational institution. Based on government regulations, one of the eight national education standards is a financing standard. education financing is the most important and inseparable thing in education management activities. So, among other things, the government policy is to roll out BOS funds at the school level. Education financing and funding managed by schools / madrasahs must be transparent in order to create accountability. If it is accountable, it will increase the credibility of the educational institution. If it is credible, it will automatically improve the quality of the educational institution. To achieve this, the government regulates the term financing standards