Late Quaternary Marine Terraces and Tectonic Uplift Rates of the Broader Neapolis Area (SE Peloponnese, Greece)

Marine terraces are geomorphic markers largely used to estimate past sea-level positions and surface deformation rates in studies focused on climate and tectonic processes worldwide. This paper aims to investigate the role of tectonic processes in the late Quaternary evolution of the coastal landscape of the broader Neapolis area by assessing long-term vertical deformation rates. To document and estimate coastal uplift, marine terraces are used in conjunction with Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating and correlation to late Quaternary eustatic sea-level variations. The study area is located in SE Peloponnese in a tectonically active region. Geodynamic processes in the area are related to the active subduction of the African lithosphere beneath the Eurasian plate. A series of 10 well preserved uplifted marine terraces with inner edges ranging in elevation from 8 ± 2 m to 192 ± 2 m above m.s.l. have been documented, indicating a significant coastal uplift of the study area. Marine terraces have been identified and mapped using topographic maps (at a scale of 1:5000), aerial photographs, and a 2 m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), supported by extensive field observations. OSL dating of selected samples from two of the terraces allowed us to correlate them with late Pleistocene Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) sea-level highstands and to estimate the long-term uplift rate. Based on the findings of the above approach, a long-term uplift rate of 0.36 ± 0.11 mm a−1 over the last 401 ± 10 ka has been suggested for the study area. The spatially uniform uplift of the broader Neapolis area is driven by the active subduction of the African lithosphere beneath the Eurasian plate since the study area is situated very close (~90 km) to the active margin of the Hellenic subduction zone.

Short communication: Forward and inverse models relating river long profile to monotonic step-changes in tectonic rock uplift rate history: A theoretical perspective under a nonlinear slope-erosion dependency

The long profile of rivers is widely considered as a recorded of tectonic uplift rate. Knickpoints form in response to rate changes and faster rates produce steeper channel segments. However, when the exponent relating fluvial incision to river slope, n, is not unity, the links between tectonic rates and channel profile are complicated by channel dynamics that consume and form river segments. Here, we explore non-linear cases leading to channel segment consumption and develop a Lagrangian analytic model for knickpoint migration. We derive a criterion for knickpoint preservation and merging, and develop a forward analytic model that resolves knickpoint and long profile evolution before and after knickpoint merging. We further propose a linear inverse scheme to infer tectonic history from river profiles when all knickpoints are preserved. Our description provides a new framework to explore the links between tectonic uplift rates and river profile evolution when n is not unity.

Cosmogenic nuclide dating of the sediments of Bulmer Cavern: Implications for the uplift history of southern Northwest Nelson, South Island New Zealand

<p>The landscape of Northwest Nelson shows evidence of significant tectonic activity since the inception of the Austro-Pacific plate boundary in the Eocene. Evidence of subsidence followed by rapid uplift from the Eocene to the late Miocene is preserved in the sedimentary basins of Northwest Nelson. However, the effects of erosion mean there is very little evidence of post-Miocene tectonic activity preserved in the Northwest Nelson area. This is a period of particular interest, because it coincides with the onset of rapid uplift along the Alpine Fault, which is located to the south, and the very sparse published data for this period suggest very low uplift rates compared to other areas close to the Alpine Fault. Cosmogenic nuclide burial dating of sediments preserved in Bulmer Cavern, indicate an uplift rate of 0.13mm/a from the mid-Pliocene to the start of the Pleistocene and 0.067mm/a since the start of the Pleistocene. The Pleistocene uplift rate is similar to other published uplift rates for this period from the northern parts of Northwest Nelson, suggesting that the whole of Northwest Nelson has experienced relative tectonic stability compared to other areas close to the Alpine Fault during this period. The mid-Pliocene uplift rate is possibly the first precisely constrained uplift rate in the area for this period, and suggests that there has been a progressive decrease in uplift rates from much higher rates in the late Miocene.</p>

Cosmogenic nuclide dating of the sediments of Bulmer Cavern: Implications for the uplift history of southern Northwest Nelson, South Island New Zealand

<p>The landscape of Northwest Nelson shows evidence of significant tectonic activity since the inception of the Austro-Pacific plate boundary in the Eocene. Evidence of subsidence followed by rapid uplift from the Eocene to the late Miocene is preserved in the sedimentary basins of Northwest Nelson. However, the effects of erosion mean there is very little evidence of post-Miocene tectonic activity preserved in the Northwest Nelson area. This is a period of particular interest, because it coincides with the onset of rapid uplift along the Alpine Fault, which is located to the south, and the very sparse published data for this period suggest very low uplift rates compared to other areas close to the Alpine Fault. Cosmogenic nuclide burial dating of sediments preserved in Bulmer Cavern, indicate an uplift rate of 0.13mm/a from the mid-Pliocene to the start of the Pleistocene and 0.067mm/a since the start of the Pleistocene. The Pleistocene uplift rate is similar to other published uplift rates for this period from the northern parts of Northwest Nelson, suggesting that the whole of Northwest Nelson has experienced relative tectonic stability compared to other areas close to the Alpine Fault during this period. The mid-Pliocene uplift rate is possibly the first precisely constrained uplift rate in the area for this period, and suggests that there has been a progressive decrease in uplift rates from much higher rates in the late Miocene.</p>

Upper plate deformation and its relationship to the underlying Hikurangi subduction interface, southern North Island, New Zealand

<p>At the southern Hikurangi margin, the subduction interface between the Australian and Pacific plates, beneath the southern North Island of New Zealand, is ‘locked’. It has previously been estimated that sudden slip on this locked portion of the interface could result in a subduction zone or ‘megathrust’ earthquake of Mw 8.0-8.5 or larger. Historically, however, no significant (>Mw 7.2) subduction interface earthquake has occurred at the southern Hikurangi margin, and the hazard from subduction earthquakes to this region, which includes New Zealand’s capital city of Wellington, remains largely unknown. Patterns of uplift at active margins can provide insight into subduction processes, including megathrust earthquakes. With the objectives to i) contribute to the understanding of partitioning of margin-parallel plate motion on to upper plate faults, and ii) provide insight into the relationship of permanent vertical deformation to subduction processes at the southern end of the Hikurangi margin, I investigate flights of late Pleistocene fluvial and marine terraces preserved across the lower North Island. Such geomorphic features, when constrained by numerical dating, provide a valuable set of data with which to quantify tectonic deformation - be they locally offset by a fault, or collectively uplifted across the margin. Fault-offset fluvial terraces along the Hutt River, near Wellington, record dextral slip for the southern part of the Wellington Fault. From re-evaluated fault displacement measurements and new Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) data, I estimate an average slip rate of 6.3 ± 1.9/1.2 mm/yr (2σ) during the last ~100 ka. However, slip on the Wellington Fault has not been steady throughout this time. During the Holocene, there was a phase of heightened ground rupture activity between ~8 and 10 ka, a period of relative quiescence between ~4.5 and 8 ka, and another period of heightened activity during the last ≤ 4.5 ka. Moreover, these results agree with independent paleoseismological evidence from other sites along the Wellington Fault for the timing of ground rupture events. The time-varying activity observed on the Wellington Fault may be regulated by stress interactions with other nearby upper plate active faults. Net tectonic uplift of the southern Hikurangi margin is recorded by ancient emergent shore platforms preserved along the south coast of the North Island. I provide a new evaluation of the distribution and age of the Pleistocene marine terraces. Shore platform altitudes are accurately surveyed for the first time using Global Navigational Satellite Systems (GNSS). From these data I have determine the shore platform attitudes where they are preserved along the coast. The terraces are also dated, most for the first time, using OSL techniques. The most extensive Pleistocene terraces formed during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 5a, 5c, 5e and 7a. Because the ancient shorelines are now obscured by coverbed deposits, I use shore platform attitudes to reconstruct strandline elevations. These strandline elevations, corrected for sea level during their formative highstands, have been used to quantify rates of uplift across the southern Hikurangi margin. In the forearc region of the Hikurangi margin, within ~70 km of the trough, uplift observed on the marine terraces along the Palliser Bay coast monotonically decreases away from the trough. The highest uplift rate of 1.7 ± 0.1 mm/yr is observed at the easternmost preserved terrace, near Cape Palliser, about 40 km from Hikurangi Trough. Further to the west, at Lake Ferry, uplift is 0.8 ± 0.1 mm/yr. The lowest rate of uplift, 0.2 ± 0.1 mm/yr, is observed at Wharekauhau, the westernmost marine terrace preserved on the Palliser Bay coast. Overall, the terraces are tilted towards the west, away from the trough, with older terraces exhibiting the most tilting. This long-wavelength pattern of uplift suggests that, in this forearc region of the margin, deep-seated processes, most likely subduction of a buoyant slab in combination with megathrust earthquakes, are the main contributors to permanent vertical deformation. West of Palliser Bay, at a distance of >70 km from the Hikurangi Trough, vertical offsets on the marine terraces are evident across upper plate faults, most notably the Wairarapa and Ohariu Faults. The uplift rate at Baring Head, west and on the upthrown side of the Wairarapa Fault, is as much as 1.6 ± 0.1 mm/yr. At Tongue Point, where the Ohariu Fault offsets the marine terraces preserved there, uplift calculated from the western, upthrown side of the fault is 0.6 ± 0.1 mm/yr. These uplift rates suggest that, in the Axial Ranges, in addition to sediment underplating, movement on the major active upper plate faults also contributes to rock uplift.</p>

Upper plate deformation and its relationship to the underlying Hikurangi subduction interface, southern North Island, New Zealand

<p>At the southern Hikurangi margin, the subduction interface between the Australian and Pacific plates, beneath the southern North Island of New Zealand, is ‘locked’. It has previously been estimated that sudden slip on this locked portion of the interface could result in a subduction zone or ‘megathrust’ earthquake of Mw 8.0-8.5 or larger. Historically, however, no significant (>Mw 7.2) subduction interface earthquake has occurred at the southern Hikurangi margin, and the hazard from subduction earthquakes to this region, which includes New Zealand’s capital city of Wellington, remains largely unknown. Patterns of uplift at active margins can provide insight into subduction processes, including megathrust earthquakes. With the objectives to i) contribute to the understanding of partitioning of margin-parallel plate motion on to upper plate faults, and ii) provide insight into the relationship of permanent vertical deformation to subduction processes at the southern end of the Hikurangi margin, I investigate flights of late Pleistocene fluvial and marine terraces preserved across the lower North Island. Such geomorphic features, when constrained by numerical dating, provide a valuable set of data with which to quantify tectonic deformation - be they locally offset by a fault, or collectively uplifted across the margin. Fault-offset fluvial terraces along the Hutt River, near Wellington, record dextral slip for the southern part of the Wellington Fault. From re-evaluated fault displacement measurements and new Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) data, I estimate an average slip rate of 6.3 ± 1.9/1.2 mm/yr (2σ) during the last ~100 ka. However, slip on the Wellington Fault has not been steady throughout this time. During the Holocene, there was a phase of heightened ground rupture activity between ~8 and 10 ka, a period of relative quiescence between ~4.5 and 8 ka, and another period of heightened activity during the last ≤ 4.5 ka. Moreover, these results agree with independent paleoseismological evidence from other sites along the Wellington Fault for the timing of ground rupture events. The time-varying activity observed on the Wellington Fault may be regulated by stress interactions with other nearby upper plate active faults. Net tectonic uplift of the southern Hikurangi margin is recorded by ancient emergent shore platforms preserved along the south coast of the North Island. I provide a new evaluation of the distribution and age of the Pleistocene marine terraces. Shore platform altitudes are accurately surveyed for the first time using Global Navigational Satellite Systems (GNSS). From these data I have determine the shore platform attitudes where they are preserved along the coast. The terraces are also dated, most for the first time, using OSL techniques. The most extensive Pleistocene terraces formed during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 5a, 5c, 5e and 7a. Because the ancient shorelines are now obscured by coverbed deposits, I use shore platform attitudes to reconstruct strandline elevations. These strandline elevations, corrected for sea level during their formative highstands, have been used to quantify rates of uplift across the southern Hikurangi margin. In the forearc region of the Hikurangi margin, within ~70 km of the trough, uplift observed on the marine terraces along the Palliser Bay coast monotonically decreases away from the trough. The highest uplift rate of 1.7 ± 0.1 mm/yr is observed at the easternmost preserved terrace, near Cape Palliser, about 40 km from Hikurangi Trough. Further to the west, at Lake Ferry, uplift is 0.8 ± 0.1 mm/yr. The lowest rate of uplift, 0.2 ± 0.1 mm/yr, is observed at Wharekauhau, the westernmost marine terrace preserved on the Palliser Bay coast. Overall, the terraces are tilted towards the west, away from the trough, with older terraces exhibiting the most tilting. This long-wavelength pattern of uplift suggests that, in this forearc region of the margin, deep-seated processes, most likely subduction of a buoyant slab in combination with megathrust earthquakes, are the main contributors to permanent vertical deformation. West of Palliser Bay, at a distance of >70 km from the Hikurangi Trough, vertical offsets on the marine terraces are evident across upper plate faults, most notably the Wairarapa and Ohariu Faults. The uplift rate at Baring Head, west and on the upthrown side of the Wairarapa Fault, is as much as 1.6 ± 0.1 mm/yr. At Tongue Point, where the Ohariu Fault offsets the marine terraces preserved there, uplift calculated from the western, upthrown side of the fault is 0.6 ± 0.1 mm/yr. These uplift rates suggest that, in the Axial Ranges, in addition to sediment underplating, movement on the major active upper plate faults also contributes to rock uplift.</p>

The influence of rock uplift rate on the formation and preservation of individual marine terraces during multiple sea-level stands

Marine terraces are a cornerstone for the study of paleo sea level and crustal deformation. Commonly, individual erosive marine terraces are attributed to unique sea-level high stands based on the reasoning that marine platforms could only be significantly widened at the beginning of an interglacial. However, this logic implies that wave erosion is insignificant at other times. We postulate that the erosion potential at a given bedrock elevation datum is proportional to the total duration of sea-level occupation at that datum. The total duration of sea-level occupation depends strongly on rock uplift rate. Certain rock uplift rates may promote the generation and preservation of particular terraces while others prevent them. For example, at rock uplift of ~1.2 mm/yr, the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e (ca. 120 ka) high stand reoccupies the elevation of the MIS 6d–e mid-stand, favoring creation of a wider terrace than at higher or lower rock uplift rates. Thus, misidentification of terraces can occur if each terrace in a sequence is assumed to form uniquely at successive interglacial high stands and to reflect their relative elevations. Developing a graphical proxy for the entire erosion potential of sea-level history allows us to address creation and preservation biases at different rock uplift rates.

Supplemental Material: The influence of rock uplift rate on the formation and preservation of individual marine terraces during multiple sea-level stands

Video S1, a description of the code with a link to its repository, and an English translation of Yoshikawa et al. (1964) paper.<br>