scholarly journals Supplemental Material: The influence of rock uplift rate on the formation and preservation of individual marine terraces during multiple sea-level stands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Malatesta ◽  
et al.
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Uplift Rate ◽  
Marine Terraces

Video S1, a description of the code with a link to its repository, and an English translation of Yoshikawa et al. (1964) paper.<br>

scholarly journals Supplemental Material: The influence of rock uplift rate on the formation and preservation of individual marine terraces during multiple sea-level stands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Malatesta ◽  
et al.
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Uplift Rate ◽  
Marine Terraces

Video S1, a description of the code with a link to its repository, and an English translation of Yoshikawa et al. (1964) paper.<br>

Formation and preservation of marine terraces during multiple sea level stands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca C Malatesta ◽  
Noah J. Finnegan ◽  
Kimberly Huppert ◽  
Emily Carreño
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Marine Terrace ◽  
Uplift Rate ◽  
Marine Terraces ◽  
Uplift Rates ◽  
Ca 50 ◽  
Wave Erosion ◽  
Mis 5E

&lt;p&gt;Marine terraces are a cornerstone for the study of paleo sea level and crustal deformation. Commonly, individual erosive marine terraces are attributed to unique sea level high-stands. This stems from early reasoning that marine platforms could only be significantly widened under moderate rates of sea level rise as at the beginning of an interglacial and preserved onshore by subsequent sea level fall. However, if marine terraces are only created during brief windows at the start of interglacials, this implies that terraces are unchanged over the vast majority of their evolution, despite an often complex submergence history during which waves are constantly acting on the coastline, regardless of the sea level stand.&lt;span&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here, we question the basic assumption that individual marine terraces are uniquely linked to distinct sea level high stands and highlight how a single marine terrace can be created By reoccupation of the same uplifting platform by successive sea level stands. We then identify the biases that such polygenetic terraces can introduce into relative sea level reconstructions and inferences of rock uplift rates from marine terrace chronostratigraphy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Over time, a terrace&amp;#8217;s cumulative exposure to wave erosion depends on the local rock uplift rate. Faster rock uplift rates lead to less frequent (fewer reoccupations) or even single episodes of wave erosion of an uplifting terrace and the generation and preservation of numerous terraces. Whereas slower rock uplift rates lead to repeated erosion of a smaller number of polygenetic terraces. The frequency and duration of terrace exposure to wave erosion at sea level depend strongly on rock uplift rate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Certain rock uplift rates may therefore promote the generation and preservation of particular terraces (e.g. those eroded during recent interglacials). For example, under a rock uplift rate of ca. 1.2 mm/yr, Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e (ca. 120 ka) would resubmerge a terrace eroded ca. 50 kyr earlier for tens of kyr during MIS 6d&amp;#8211;e stages (ca. 190&amp;#8211;170 ka) and expose it to further wave erosion at sea level. This reoccupation could accordingly promote the formation of a particularly wide or well planed terrace associated with MIS 5e with a greater chance of being preserved and identified. This effect is potentially illustrated by a global compilation of rock uplift rates derived from MIS 5e terraces. It shows an unusual abundance of marine terraces documenting uplift rates between 0.8 and 1.2 mm/yr, supporting the hypothesis that these uplift rates promote exposure of the same terrace to wave erosion during multiple sea level stands.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hence, the elevations and widths of terraces eroded during specific sea level stands vary widely from site-to-site and depend on local rock uplift rate. Terraces do not necessarily correspond to an elevation close to that of the latest sea level high-stand but may reflect the elevation of an older, longer-lived, occupation. This leads to potential misidentification of terraces if each terrace in a sequence is assumed to form uniquely at successive interglacial high stands and to reflect their elevations.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Marine terraces of the last interglacial period along the Pacific coast of South America (1° N–40° S)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2487-2513
Author(s):  
Roland Freisleben ◽  
Julius Jara-Muñoz ◽  
Daniel Melnick ◽  
José Miguel Martínez ◽  
Manfred R. Strecker
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Short Wavelength ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Uplift Rate ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
South Central ◽  
Marine Terraces

Abstract. Tectonically active coasts are dynamic environments characterized by the presence of multiple marine terraces formed by the combined effects of wave erosion, tectonic uplift, and sea-level oscillations at glacial-cycle timescales. Well-preserved erosional terraces from the last interglacial sea-level highstand are ideal marker horizons for reconstructing past sea-level positions and calculating vertical displacement rates. We carried out an almost continuous mapping of the last interglacial marine terrace along ∼ 5000 km of the western coast of South America between 1∘ N and 40∘ S. We used quantitatively replicable approaches constrained by published terrace-age estimates to ultimately compare elevations and patterns of uplifted terraces with tectonic and climatic parameters in order to evaluate the controlling mechanisms for the formation and preservation of marine terraces and crustal deformation. Uncertainties were estimated on the basis of measurement errors and the distance from referencing points. Overall, our results indicate a median elevation of 30.1 m, which would imply a median uplift rate of 0.22 m kyr−1 averaged over the past ∼ 125 kyr. The patterns of terrace elevation and uplift rate display high-amplitude (∼ 100–200 m) and long-wavelength (∼ 102 km) structures at the Manta Peninsula (Ecuador), the San Juan de Marcona area (central Peru), and the Arauco Peninsula (south-central Chile). Medium-wavelength structures occur at the Mejillones Peninsula and Topocalma in Chile, while short-wavelength (< 10 km) features are for instance located near Los Vilos, Valparaíso, and Carranza, Chile. We interpret the long-wavelength deformation to be controlled by deep-seated processes at the plate interface such as the subduction of major bathymetric anomalies like the Nazca and Carnegie ridges. In contrast, short-wavelength deformation may be primarily controlled by sources in the upper plate such as crustal faulting, which, however, may also be associated with the subduction of topographically less pronounced bathymetric anomalies. Latitudinal differences in climate additionally control the formation and preservation of marine terraces. Based on our synopsis we propose that increasing wave height and tidal range result in enhanced erosion and morphologically well-defined marine terraces in south-central Chile. Our study emphasizes the importance of using systematic measurements and uniform, quantitative methodologies to characterize and correctly interpret marine terraces at regional scales, especially if they are used to unravel the tectonic and climatic forcing mechanisms of their formation. This database is an integral part of the World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines (WALIS), published online at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4309748 (Freisleben et al., 2020).

scholarly journals Marine terraces of the last interglacial period along the Pacific coast of South America (1° N–40° S)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Freisleben ◽  
Julius Jara-Muñoz ◽  
Daniel Melnick ◽  
José Miguel Martínez ◽  
Manfred R. Strecker
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Continuous Mapping ◽  
Interglacial Period ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Uplift Rate ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
South Central ◽  
Marine Terraces

Abstract. Tectonically active coasts are dynamic environments characterized by the presence of multiple marine terraces formed by the combined effects of wave-erosion, tectonic uplift, and sea-level oscillations at glacial-cycle timescales. Well-preserved erosional terraces from the last interglacial sea-level highstand are ideal marker horizons for reconstructing past sea-level positions and calculating vertical displacement rates. We carried out an almost continuous mapping of the last interglacial marine terrace along ~5,000 km of the western coast of South America between 1° N and 40° S. We used quantitatively replicable approaches constrained by published terrace-age estimates to ultimately compare elevations and patterns of uplifted terraces with tectonic and climatic parameters in order to evaluate the controlling mechanisms for the formation and preservation of marine terraces, and crustal deformation. Uncertainties were estimated on the basis of measurement errors and the distance from referencing points. Overall, our results indicate a median elevation of 30.1 m, which would imply a median uplift rate of 0.22 m/ka averaged over the past ~125 ka. The patterns of terrace elevation and uplift rate display high-amplitude (~100–200 m) and long-wavelength (~102 km) structures at the Manta Peninsula (Ecuador), the San Juan de Marcona area (central Peru), and the Arauco Peninsula (south-central Chile). Medium-wavelength structures occur at the Mejillones Peninsula and Topocalma in Chile, while short-wavelength (

scholarly journals Late Quaternary Marine Terraces and Tectonic Uplift Rates of the Broader Neapolis Area (SE Peloponnese, Greece)

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Efthimios Karymbalis ◽  
Konstantinos Tsanakas ◽  
Ioannis Tsodoulos ◽  
Kalliopi Gaki-Papanastassiou ◽  
Dimitrios Papanastassiou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Osl Dating ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Uplift Rate ◽  
Eurasian Plate ◽  
Tectonic Processes ◽  
Marine Terraces ◽  
Coastal Uplift

Marine terraces are geomorphic markers largely used to estimate past sea-level positions and surface deformation rates in studies focused on climate and tectonic processes worldwide. This paper aims to investigate the role of tectonic processes in the late Quaternary evolution of the coastal landscape of the broader Neapolis area by assessing long-term vertical deformation rates. To document and estimate coastal uplift, marine terraces are used in conjunction with Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating and correlation to late Quaternary eustatic sea-level variations. The study area is located in SE Peloponnese in a tectonically active region. Geodynamic processes in the area are related to the active subduction of the African lithosphere beneath the Eurasian plate. A series of 10 well preserved uplifted marine terraces with inner edges ranging in elevation from 8 ± 2 m to 192 ± 2 m above m.s.l. have been documented, indicating a significant coastal uplift of the study area. Marine terraces have been identified and mapped using topographic maps (at a scale of 1:5000), aerial photographs, and a 2 m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), supported by extensive field observations. OSL dating of selected samples from two of the terraces allowed us to correlate them with late Pleistocene Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) sea-level highstands and to estimate the long-term uplift rate. Based on the findings of the above approach, a long-term uplift rate of 0.36 ± 0.11 mm a−1 over the last 401 ± 10 ka has been suggested for the study area. The spatially uniform uplift of the broader Neapolis area is driven by the active subduction of the African lithosphere beneath the Eurasian plate since the study area is situated very close (~90 km) to the active margin of the Hellenic subduction zone.

scholarly journals The influence of rock uplift rate on the formation and preservation of individual marine terraces during multiple sea-level stands

Geology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca C. Malatesta ◽  
Noah J. Finnegan ◽  
Kimberly L. Huppert ◽  
Emily I. Carreño
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Crustal Deformation ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Marine Isotope Stage ◽  
Uplift Rate ◽  
Marine Terraces ◽  
Uplift Rates ◽  
Wave Erosion ◽  
Mis 5E

Marine terraces are a cornerstone for the study of paleo sea level and crustal deformation. Commonly, individual erosive marine terraces are attributed to unique sea-level high stands based on the reasoning that marine platforms could only be significantly widened at the beginning of an interglacial. However, this logic implies that wave erosion is insignificant at other times. We postulate that the erosion potential at a given bedrock elevation datum is proportional to the total duration of sea-level occupation at that datum. The total duration of sea-level occupation depends strongly on rock uplift rate. Certain rock uplift rates may promote the generation and preservation of particular terraces while others prevent them. For example, at rock uplift of ~1.2 mm/yr, the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e (ca. 120 ka) high stand reoccupies the elevation of the MIS 6d–e mid-stand, favoring creation of a wider terrace than at higher or lower rock uplift rates. Thus, misidentification of terraces can occur if each terrace in a sequence is assumed to form uniquely at successive interglacial high stands and to reflect their relative elevations. Developing a graphical proxy for the entire erosion potential of sea-level history allows us to address creation and preservation biases at different rock uplift rates.

4 Ma-long uplift cycles of the southern Peru forearc since Late Miocene

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Regard ◽  
Joseph Martinod ◽  
Marianne Saillard ◽  
Sébastien Carretier ◽  
Laetitia Leanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Uplift Rate ◽  
Coastal Morphology ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Marine Terraces ◽  
Nazca Ridge ◽  
Subducting Slab ◽  
Shore Platforms

&lt;p&gt;We explore the coastal morphology along an uplifting 500 km-long coastal segment of&amp;#160;&amp;#160; the Central Andes, between the cities of Chala (Peru) and Arica (Chile). We use accurate DEM and field surveys to extract sequences of uplifted shorelines along the study area. In addition, we consider continental pediment surfaces that limit both the geographical and vertical extent of the marine landforms. We establish a chronology based on published dates for marine landforms and pediment surfaces. We expand this corpus with new &lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;Be data on uplifted shore platforms. The last 12 Ma are marked by three periods of coastal stability or subsidence dated ~12-11&amp;#160;Ma, ~8-7 Ma and ~5-2.5 Ma ago. The uplift that accumulated between these stability periods has been ~1000 m since 11 Ma; its rate can reach 0.25&amp;#160;mm/a (m/ka). For the last period of uplift only, during the last 800 ka, the forearc uplift has been accurately recorded by the carving of numerous coastal sequences. Within these sequences, we correlated the marine terraces with the sea level highstands (interglacial stages and sub-stages) up to MIS 19 (790 ka), i.e., with a resolution of ~100&amp;#160;ka. The uplift rate for this last period of uplift increases westward from 0.18 mm/a at the Peru-Chile border to ~0.25 mm/a in the center of the study area. It further increases northwestward, up to 0.45 mm/a, due to the influence of the Nazca Ridge. In this study, we document an unusual forearc cyclic uplift with ~4 Ma-long cycles. This periodicity corresponds to the predictions made by Menant et al. (2020) based on numerical models, and could be related to episodic tectonic underplating (subducting slab stripping) beneath the coastal forearc area.&lt;/p&gt;

Eemian marine terraces along the Pacific coast of South America (1°N-40°S) allow regional assessments of tectonic forcing from earthquake cycle to glacial-cycle timescales

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Freisleben ◽  
Julius Jara-Muñoz ◽  
Daniel Melnick ◽  
José Miguel Martínez ◽  
Manfred Strecker
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Earthquake Cycle ◽  
Uplift Rate ◽  
Glacial Cycle ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
South Central ◽  
Marine Terraces

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract. &lt;/strong&gt;Tectonically active coasts are dynamic environments characterized by the presence of multiple marine terraces formed by the combined effects of wave-erosion, tectonic uplift, and sea-level oscillations at glacial-cycle timescales. Well-preserved erosional terraces from the last interglacial sea-level highstand are ideal marker horizons for reconstructing past sea-level positions and calculating vertical displacement rates, which can be subsequently compared to short-term coastal deformation patterns associated with the earthquake cycle. We carried out an almost continuous mapping of the last interglacial marine terrace along ~5,000 km of the western coast of South America between 1&amp;#176;N and 40&amp;#176;S. We used quantitatively replicable approaches constrained by published terrace-age estimates to ultimately compare elevations and patterns of uplifted terraces with tectonic and climatic parameters in order to evaluate the controlling mechanisms for the formation and preservation of marine terraces, and crustal deformation. Uncertainties were estimated on the basis of measurement errors and the distance from referencing points. Overall, our results indicate a median elevation of 30.1 m, which would imply a median uplift rate of 0.22 m/ka averaged over the past ~125 ka. The patterns of terrace elevation and uplift rate display high-amplitude (~100&amp;#8211;200 m) and long-wavelength (~10&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; km) structures at the Manta Peninsula (Ecuador), the San Juan de Marcona area (central Peru), and the Arauco Peninsula (south-central Chile). Medium-wavelength structures occur at the Mejillones Peninsula and Topocalma in Chile, while short-wavelength (&lt; 10 km) features are for instance located near Los Vilos, Valpara&amp;#237;so, and Carranza, Chile. We interpret the long-wavelength deformation to be controlled by deep-seated processes at the plate interface such as the subduction of major bathymetric anomalies like the Nazca and Carnegie ridges. In contrast, short-wavelength deformation may be primarily controlled by sources in the upper plate such as crustal faulting, which, however, may also be associated with the subduction of topographically less pronounced bathymetric anomalies and varying distances to the trench. Latitudinal differences in climate additionally control the formation and preservation of marine terraces. Based on our synopsis we propose that increasing wave height and tidal range result in enhanced erosion and morphologically well-defined marine terraces in south-central Chile. Conversely, river incision and lateral scouring in areas with high precipitation may degrade marine terraces. Our study emphasizes the importance of using systematic measurements and uniform, quantitative methodologies to characterize and correctly interpret marine terraces at regional scales, especially if they are used to unravel tectonic and climatic forcing mechanisms of their formation.&lt;/p&gt;

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