Integration of Healthy Eating Habits and Physical Activity through Nutrition Care Process to Tackle the Obesity Epidemic: A Narrative Review of the Evidence

Background: Obesity is a rising global health problem which is already at epidemic proportions. Effective methods of treatment are required and should be imparted by efficient means to dietitians and other health professionals dealing with weight management. Research shows that behavioral modification techniques are the most effective way to achieve and maintain a healthy weight compared to diet and physical activity alone. Aim: This narrative review focusses on diet and physical activity behavioral modification techniques to promote effective weight management for sedentary and active adults using the Nutrition Care Process (NCP). Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, Web of Science and Pro-Quest databases were searched for relevant articles. Results: A healthy eating habit is one of the contributing factors to improved health. Physical activities also help improve and maintain one’s health. This article discusses the importance of eating habits and physical activities among school students. In addition, health issues related to eating habits and the practice of physical activities are also highlighted. Overall, the results revealed that healthy eating habits and regular physical activities help in maintaining good health. Conclusion: NCP is a systematic approach to provide high-quality nutrition care. Using the NCP does not mean that all clients get the same care. Use of a care process provides a framework for the dietitian to individualize care, taking into account clients’ needs and values, and using the best evidence available to make decisions. Keywords: obesity, weight control, physical activity, nutrition knowledge, eating habits, nutrition care process

Individual Variation in Temporal Dynamics of Post-release Habitat Selection

Translocated animals undergo a phase of behavioral adjustment after being released in a novel environment, initially prioritizing exploration and gradually shifting toward resource exploitation. This transition has been termed post-release behavioral modification. Post-release behavioral modification may also manifest as changes in habitat selection through time, and these temporal dynamics may differ between individuals. We aimed to evaluate how post-release behavioral modification is reflected in temporal dynamics of habitat selection and its variability across individuals using a population of translocated female greater sage-grouse as a case study. Sage-grouse were translocated from Wyoming to North Dakota (USA) during the summers of 2018–2020. We analyzed individual habitat selection as a function of sagebrush cover, herbaceous cover, slope, and distance to roads. Herbaceous cover is a key foraging resource for sage-grouse during summer; thus, we expected a shift from exploration to exploitation to manifest as temporally-varying selection for herbaceous cover. For each individual sage-grouse (N = 26), we tested two competing models: a null model with no time-dependence and a model with time-dependent selection for herbaceous cover. We performed model selection at the individual level using an information-theoretic approach. Time-dependence was supported for five individuals, unsupported for seven, and the two models were indistinguishable based on AICc for the remaining fourteen. We found no association between the top-ranked model and individual reproductive status (brood-rearing or not). We showed that temporal dynamics of post-release habitat selection may emerge in some individuals but not in others, and that failing to account for time-dependence may hinder the detection of steady-state habitat selection patterns. These findings demonstrate the need to consider both temporal dynamics and individual variability in habitat selection when conducting post-release monitoring to inform translocation protocols.

Effects of self-management programs on behavioral modification among individuals with chronic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials

The prevalence of chronic disease associated with unhealthy lifestyles has been increasing worldwide. Health professionals have recognized that self-management programs (SMPs) can provide health benefits by promoting health behaviors, especially when applied to individuals with lifestyle-related chronic disease. This review performed a meta-analysis of the features of SMPs using randomized studies and analyzed the magnitude of the combined effects of self-management on behavioral modification. We searched the PubMed, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, DBpia, and KISS to identify randomized trials that evaluated the behavioral outcomes of SMPs. Subgroup analyses were performed for program duration, providers, type of comparisons, and program settings. We selected 25 studies (N = 5,681) to perform analyses with random-effects models. The effect sizes of SMPs were small but significant for physical activity (standardized difference in means [SDM] = 0.25), dietary habits (SDM = 0.28), and health responsibility (SDM = 0.18), and not significant for stress management and smoking behaviors. A short-term SMPs (less than 12 weeks) was indicated as being effective in modifying physical activity, dietary habits, and health responsibility, while the program effects on dietary habits were significant only with expert-delivered education and when compared with inactive controls. The findings of this study indicate that SMPs can effectively improve physical activity, dietary habits, and health responsibility in individuals with chronic disease, with a small but significant effect size. Future studies should explore the effects of SMPs on stress management and smoking cessation and assess the long-term maintenance of healthy lifestyles in individuals with lifestyle-related chronic disease.

IMPROVING CREATIVE THINKING SKILLS THROUGH BEHAVIORAL RECONSTRUCTION THERAPY

This paper was written with the aim to describe how counselors construct the behavior of counsellors who have symptoms of low learning motivation so as to increase theircreative thinkingskill. The technique to be used is true experiment with cognitive behavior counseling treatment approach for experimental group and interactive learning for control group. The use of cognitive behavior counseling aims to encourage counsellors in manipulating, managing and deforming information in their memory, so that counselors can easily form concepts, ways of reasoning and critical thinking, making decisions, in solving problems creatively. This research involves active counsellors who master the Techniques and approaches of behavioral cognitive counseling. The methods used in proving this research question will be discussed in the behavioral modification framework that the authors presented in 4 rounds of discussion. The first, the reduction and elimination of behavior; second, improved behavior through positive reinforcement and conditioned strengthening; third, create new behaviors through formation; Fourth, build behavioral resilience through strengthening schedules.

Psychological interventions to reduce postoperative pain and opioid consumption: a narrative review of literature

BackgroundEvidence suggests that over half of patients undergoing surgical procedures suffer from poorly controlled postoperative pain. In the context of an opioid epidemic, novel strategies for ameliorating postoperative pain and reducing opioid consumption are essential. Psychological interventions defined as strategies targeted towards reducing stress, anxiety, negative emotions and depression via education, therapy, behavioral modification and relaxation techniques are an emerging approach towards these endpoints.ObjectiveThis review explores the efficacy of psychological interventions for reducing postoperative pain and opioid use in the acute postoperative period.Evidence reviewAn extensive literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Medline In-Process/ePubs, Embase, Ovid Emcare Nursing, and PsycINFO, Web of Science (Clarivate), PubMed-NOT-Medline (NLM), CINAHL and ERIC, and two trials registries, ClinicalTrials.Gov (NIH) and WHO ICTRP. Included studies were limited to those investigating adult human subjects, and those published in English.FindingsThree distinct forms of psychological interventions were identified: relaxation, psychoeducation and behavioral modification therapy. Study results showed a reduction in both postoperative opioid use and pain scores (n=5), reduction in postoperative opioid use (n=3), reduction in postoperative pain (n=5), no significant reduction in pain or opioid use (n=7), increase in postoperative opioid use (n=1) and an increase in postoperative pain (n=1).ConclusionSome preoperative psychological interventions can reduce pain scores and opioid consumption in the acute postoperative period; however, there is a clear need to strengthen the evidence for these interventions. The optimal technique, strategies, timing and interface requires further investigation.