PEREMPUAN DAN GAYA HIDUP BARAT DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA PADA AWAL KEMERDEKAAN INDONESIA

The article came as the inheritance reconstruction of the colonial effect phenomenon in Yogyakarta after the declaration of independence. It is interesting to discuss how the people of Yogyakarta show an anti-Netherland attitude toward colonial heritage, which is interpreted widely as anticolonial and anti-Netherland, but accept western lifestyle in daily life. The spread of western lifestyles makes Yogyakarta women begin to reconstruct culture to look for a new identity in their life which is paradoxical with the mainstream attitude and behavior of Yogyakarta people at the beginning of Independence Day. The paper aims to explain the acceptance of women in Yogyakarta to western lifestyles in daily life amidst the strengthening of anti-western sentiment. This paper presents the historical study result using the historical method with the stage of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. This study used modernization theory. Modernization has a significant influence on the easy access of women in Yogyakarta to keep up with the times. The study shows how western lifestyles grew and became a trend of women’s appearance in Yogyakarta at that time.

Media Representation of Women Parliamentary Candidates in Africa

Chapter 6 focuses on how women candidates are portrayed in the media. The chapter analyzes the coverage of women candidates in Ghana’s Daily Graphic, one of the country’s largest newspapers, during the December 2016 general election. Studies of how the media cover women politicians are quite rare in Africa. In this study, Coffie and Medie find that women candidates do not face bias in the quantity or quality of media coverage. Instead, women candidates are somewhat more likely to be covered by the Daily Graphic and articles on women are slightly longer than articles on men. Moreover, the coverage of women is not disproportionately focused on women’s issues, nor is it disproportionately negative and focused on women’s appearance. To explain these surprising findings, Coffie and Medie draw on interviews with reporters and elected women representatives.

Introduction

This chapter provides the theoretical and methodological framework for the book. We show how Black women’s appearance is not just a personal decision—it also has political implications. The chapter argues for the importance of contextualizing Black women’s bodies as part of their political experiences, and it provides a broad overview of the book.

Predicted reproductive longevity and women’s facial attractiveness

Physical attractiveness has been shown to reflect women’s current fecundity level, allowing a man to choose a potentially more fertile partner in mate choice context. However, women vary not only in terms of fecundity level at reproductive age but also in reproductive longevity, both influencing a couple’s long-term reproductive success. Thus, men should choose their potential partner not only based on cues of current fecundity but also on cues of reproductive longevity, and both may be reflected in women’s appearance. In this study, we investigated if a woman’s facial attractiveness at reproductive age reflects anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level, a hormone predictor of age at menopause, similarly as it reflects current fecundity level, estimated with estradiol level (E2). Face photographs of 183 healthy women (Mage = 28.49, SDage = 2.38), recruited between 2nd - 4th day of the menstrual cycle, were assessed by men in terms of attractiveness. Women’s health status was evaluated based on C-reactive protein level and biochemical blood test. Serum AMH and E2 were measured. The results showed that facial attractiveness was negatively correlated with AMH level, a hormone indicator of expected age at menopause, and positively with E2, indicator of current fecundity level, also when controlled for potential covariates (testosterone, BMI, age). This might result from biological trade-off between high fecundity and the length of reproductive lifespan in women and greater adaptive importance of high fecundity at reproductive age compared to the length of reproductive lifespan.

THE VALUE OF YOUNG WOMEN’S APPEARANCE

The article deals in studying how the value of the external attractiveness of young women influences various aspects of their life in society. The data are given, allowing to describe that value as basic, having the motive-forming and compensatory functions. The results are presented that reveal a high degree of importance of appearance for young women: achieving a higher social status, a luxurious life, a successful career in management and entrepreneurship. The author sees the regularity in the relationship between external attractiveness and agharmonic components of the initiative, egoism and selfishness. He also outlines a negative relation between the significance of the considered value and the attitude to labor and work. When the appearance is attained too much of significance with the young women, they tend to get rid of some generally accepted norms. At the same time, girls associate the value of their attractiveness with well-being in interpersonal relationships and life success.