Evaluation of Cytogenetic Alterations of Toxic Gas Exposed Population of Bhopal Having Chronic Kidney Disease

The industrial disaster of Bhopal in 1984 resulted in widespread morbidity and mortality in the vicinity of the industry and required long-term surveillance for chronic health effects in those affected by the leakage of gas. Although few cytogenetic studies were undertaken to assess genetic damage in survivors of the disaster, no studies are available on cytogenetic damage of toxic gas-exposed populations having chronic kidney disease (CKD). Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate cytogenetic alterations in chronic kidney disease patients who were exposed to leaked gas and to compare it with those who were not exposed to the leaked gas. The cytogenetic alterations were evaluated through chromosomal aberration analysis and micronuclei assay. The study included 608 study participants divided into four groups based on the history of exposure to the leaked gas and the presence or absence of CKD. The results of the study showed no statistically significant difference in cytogenetic damage between gas-exposed and non-exposed patients of CKD. However, significantly higher cytogenetic damage was observed among gas-exposed participants having CKD as compared to gas-exposed participants free from CKD. Thus, to conclude though the cytogenetic alterations were observed in an exposed group it cannot be solely attributed to the gas exposure and the role of other confounders must also be studied.

Evaluation of cytogenetic alterations of toxic gas exposed population of Bhopal having chronic kidney disease

The industrial disaster of Bhopal in 1984 resulted into widespread morbidity and mortality in the vicinity of the industry and required long term surveillance for chronic health effects in those affected by the leakage of gas. Although few cytogenetic studies were undertaken to assess genetic damage in survivors of the disaster, no studies are available on cytogenetic damage of toxic gas exposed population having chronic kidney disease (CKD).Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate cytogenetic alterations in chronic kidney disease patients who wereexposed to leaked gas and to compare it with those who were not exposed to the leaked gas. The cytogenetic alterations were evaluated through chromosomal aberration analysis and micronuclei assay. The study included 608 study participants divided into four groups on the basis of history of exposure to the leaked gas and presence or absence of CKD. The results of the study showed no statistically significant difference in cytogenetic damagebetween gas exposed and non-exposed patients of CKD. However, significantly higher cytogenetic damage was observed among gas exposed participants having CKD as compared to gas exposed participants free from CKD.Thus, to conclude though the cytogenetic alterations were observed in exposed group it cannot be solely attributed to the gas exposure and the role of other confounders must also be studied.

Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species

Genomic instability is a condition that may be associated with carcinogenesis and/or physiological disorders when genetic lesions are not repaired. Besides, wild, captive, and domesticated vertebrates are exposed to xenobiotics, leading to health disorders due to cytogenotoxicity. This chapter provides an overview of tests to assess cytogenotoxicity based on micronuclei (MNi) formation. Bone marrow micronuclei test (BmMNt), peripheral blood erythrocyte micronuclei test (PBMNt), and lymphocyte cytokinesis blocking micronuclei assay (CBMN) are discussed. The most illustrative studies of these techniques applied in different vertebrates of veterinary interest are described. The values of spontaneous basal micronuclei in captive, experimental, and farm animals (rodents, hamsters, pigs, goats, cattle, horses, fish) are summarized. In addition, a flow cytometry technique is presented to reduce the time taken to record MNi and other cellular abnormalities. Flow cytometry is helpful to analyze some indicators of genomic instability, such as cell death processes and stages (necrosis, apoptosis) and to efficiently evaluate some biomarkers of genotoxicity like MNi in BmMNt, PBMNt, and CBMN. The intention is to provide veterinary professionals with techniques to assess and interpret cytogenotoxicity biomarkers to anticipate therapeutic management in animals at risk of carcinogenesis or other degenerative diseases.

Micronuclei assay as biomarker for ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) genotoxicity in Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.

The eukaryotic cells are complemented with a single nucleus. However, several cells show abnormal small nuclei known as micronuclei, with addition to the main nucleus. These anomalous small nuclei along with main nucleus which may be the result of exposure of cell to cytotoxic agents (Chemicals/physical mutagens). These mutagens also cause structural or numerical chromosomal aberrations. The treatment of EMS, a chemical mutagen, induces micronuclei formation and nuclear as well as chromosomal peculiarities in Eclipta alba. The effect of micronuclei is discussed in terms of cytotoxicity of genotoxins and several evidences of nuclear polymorphism illustrated due to the mutagenic effect of EMS. Pollen viability was also examined through pollen fertility. Micronuclei causes the genomic instability and elimination of genome which is effectively put to use in breeding programmes for the creation of aneuploids and also for haploid lines.

Changes in the Radiation Toxicity of Human Lymphoblastic T-cell Line (Jurkat) by a Common Pesticide: Diazinon

Background: Diazinon is one of the most common pesticides in the world playing a similar role to radiation and it could cause DNA breaks and genetic effects. Objective: In this study, radiosensitivity of a lymphoblastic cell line pretreated by Diazinon was investigated. Material and Methods: In this case-control study, the human lymphoblastic T-cell line was divided into 6 groups based on receiving radiation or/and Diazinon. After that, the DNA damage, in all of the groups, were counted by cytokinesis-block micronuclei assay using different indices. Results: The mean frequency of micronuclei, nuclear bridges and nuclear buds in cell groups exposed by both Diazinon and radiation were remarkably higher than the other groups which just received radiation or Diazinon alone. The interaction between radiation and Diazinon treatment was statistically significant for NBUDS index. Conclusion: The results indicated that the Diazinon contamination could affect the radiosensitivity index of cancerous cells while further molecular and in-vivo studies are needed to investigate genetic and toxic effects of Diazinon on DNA and its repair system.

Interaction of Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln genotypes with the risk of radiation on cancer patients

Surniyantoro HNE, Rahajeng N, Lusiyanti Y, Rahardjo T, Erawati D, Choridah L, Dhamiyati W, Dwidanarti SR. 2019. Interaction of Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln genotypes with the risk of radiation on cancer patients. Biodiversitas 20: 2128-2133. Two of the common single-nucleotide polymorphisms are X-ray repair cross-complementary group 1 on exon 6 (Arg194Trp) and exon 10 (Arg399Gln). The purpose of this study was to determine the interactions between Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln genotypes combination with the risk of radiation on cancer patients in Indonesia, linked to micronuclei frequency as a biomarker of DNA damage. This study consisted of 19 patients with various cancer as the case group and 37 non-cancer participants as the control group. The determination of Arg149Trp and Arg399Gln alleles were performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. Micronuclei assay was performed using Cytokinesis-block micronuclei cytome assay. The results of our study showed that micronuclei frequency was very significantly higher in the cancer patients compared to controls (111.16 ± 76.24 versus 16.89 ± 9.72, p<0.0001). Patients with heterozygous mutant genotypes CT had a lower frequency of micronuclei than patients with normal CC genotypes (105.6 ± 80.97 versus 117.33 ± 74.97). Likewise, patients with mutant genotype AA had a lower frequency of micronuclei than patients with normal GG genotype (64 versus 129.71 ± 90.68). The genetic polymorphisms of Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln demonstrated an association with the level of DNA damage on cancer patients.