Review on Basic Components of E-Kart

This review paper presents the design and development of an E-kart. The moto behind making this Electric-kart is to lower the number of pollutants and hazardous gases such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, etc. These types of gases are produced in an immense amount from vehicles. Therefore, we decided to make a vehicle that works efficiently on an electric motor and controller. We have used BLDC (brushless dc motor) motor which is powered by direct current and voltage. Motor control the motor controls the energy flow to the motor processes like throttle, brake, and control switches are connected to controller commands from these inputs i.e. Throttle, brake, etc., and control very precisely torque, speed, direction on and horsepower of the vehicle. The battery we used is a rechargeable lithium-ion battery. The main focus during the frame design was the stability of the E-kart and the safety of the driver. We also surveyed the market on chassis material, motor, brake, controller, and transmission system for cost and availability. International standards were followed during the whole project.

Online self-adaptive proportional-integral-derivative control for brushless DC motor based on variable universe fuzzy inference system optimized by genetic algorithm

In this study, we propose a novel robust online self-adaptive Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control design for Brushless DC Motor (BLDCM) speed system under different operating conditions. The online adaptive tuning for PID parameters is realized accurately by optimizing the control rules of variable universe fuzzy inference with a modified genetic algorithm (GA). Based on the variable fuzzy inference theory, the method of solving contraction–expansion factor in real-time through fuzzy inference is proposed. Furthermore, the process to optimize two inference rules by GA is improved to get optimal control rules for adjusting PID parameters. Finally, multiple sets of simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the proposed controller in different conditions by building Simulink models and setting up experiment platforms. The results of this study not only demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller but also provide technical suggestions for the speed control of BLDCM.

EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER BASED BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR FOR ROTOR POSITION AND SPEED CONTROL

A method to control speed and rotor position with improved performance has been described in this research. Various techniques are taken into consideration with their detailed description. During this process new methods are also introduced with their pros and cons. The research includes a detailed study of progressive back-Emf sensing strategies. The relevant methods, which can support estimation, are the back Emf zero-crossing method, integration of voltage, and position estimation by flux and inductance. In this thesis, Extended Kalman filter is utilized for position and speed estimation. Firstly, DC voltage will be applied as an input. Extended Kalman Filter is used to perform state estimation while PID controller is employed to regulate the system state following the reference signal. The proposed solution leads to control of the ripple generated in speed and torque of Brushless DC Motor and improved performance.

EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER BASED BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR FOR ROTOR POSITION AND SPEED CONTROL

A method to control speed and rotor position with improved performance has been described in this research. Various techniques are taken into consideration with their detailed description. During this process new methods are also introduced with their pros and cons. The research includes a detailed study of progressive back-Emf sensing strategies. The relevant methods, which can support estimation, are the back Emf zero-crossing method, integration of voltage, and position estimation by flux and inductance. In this thesis, Extended Kalman filter is utilized for position and speed estimation. Firstly, DC voltage will be applied as an input. Extended Kalman Filter is used to perform state estimation while PID controller is employed to regulate the system state following the reference signal. The proposed solution leads to control of the ripple generated in speed and torque of Brushless DC Motor and improved performance.

Experimental investigation of the generator mode for a brushless dc motor at an increased rotational speed

This article deals with a commercially available direct drive brushless DC motor that was investigated in the generator mode at an increased speed above the rated one. During the conducted experiments the increase of the generator rotational speed was carried out due to a three-phase asynchronous motor with 5.5 kW rated power and 2920 rpm rated speed, which was further increased by a two-stage belt gearbox with a reduction ratio from 0.16 to 1.6. However, with an increase in the rotational speed, the magnetic losses also increase, which in turn increase the required value of the input mechanical power and lead to thermal overload of the brushless DC machine. An increase the generator rotational speed leads to an increase of the EMF value and, at the same value, of the stator current, leads to an increase the generated power. Throughout the experiment, the voltage was rectified using a diode bridge and bulk capacitor, after that it was connected to a load resistance. The presented calculations of the magnetic power losses for different electrical steel grades clearly demonstrate the nonlinear dependence between the magnetic field frequency and its magnitude. Experimental studies were carried out at different speeds of rotation of a brushless DC machine in a very wide range from 140 rpm to 5228 rpm, moreover, the values of the output power were obtained depending on the rotational speed. It is concluded, that in the generator mode of the brushless DC machine, it is necessary to take into account the feature of the operation at wind power plants, autonomous power supply such as hybrid power plants. In the first case, it is worth limiting the rotational speed from the driven mechanism, and in the second case, this mode of operation may be necessary for partial boosting of output power for short-term use.