Review on Basic Components of E-Kart

This review paper presents the design and development of an E-kart. The moto behind making this Electric-kart is to lower the number of pollutants and hazardous gases such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, etc. These types of gases are produced in an immense amount from vehicles. Therefore, we decided to make a vehicle that works efficiently on an electric motor and controller. We have used BLDC (brushless dc motor) motor which is powered by direct current and voltage. Motor control the motor controls the energy flow to the motor processes like throttle, brake, and control switches are connected to controller commands from these inputs i.e. Throttle, brake, etc., and control very precisely torque, speed, direction on and horsepower of the vehicle. The battery we used is a rechargeable lithium-ion battery. The main focus during the frame design was the stability of the E-kart and the safety of the driver. We also surveyed the market on chassis material, motor, brake, controller, and transmission system for cost and availability. International standards were followed during the whole project.

Kinematic changes in goal-directed movements in a fear-conditioning paradigm

In individuals with a musculoskeletal disorder, goal-directed reaching movements of the hand are distorted. Here, we investigated a pain-related fear-conditioning effect on motor control. Twenty healthy participants (11 women and 9 men, 21.7 ± 2.7 years) performed a hand-reaching movement task. In the acquisition phase, a painful electrocutaneous stimulus was applied on the reaching hand simultaneous with the completion of reaching. In the subsequent extinction phase, the task context was the same but the painful stimulus was omitted. We divided the kinematic data of the hand-reaching movements into acceleration and deceleration periods based on the movement-velocity characteristics, and the duration of each period indicated the degree of impairment in the feedforward and feedback motor controls. We assessed the wavelet coherence between electromyograms of the triceps and biceps brachii muscles. In the acquisition phase, the durations of painful movements were significantly longer in both the acceleration and deceleration periods. In the extinction phase, painful movements were longer only in the acceleration period and higher pain expectation and fear were maintained. Similarly, the wavelet coherence of muscles in both periods were decreased in both the acquisition and extinction phases. These results indicate that negative emotional modulations might explain the altered motor functions observed in pain patients.

Constructing an adult orofacial premotor atlas in Allen mouse CCF

Premotor circuits in the brainstem project to pools of orofacial motoneurons to execute essential motor action such as licking, chewing, breathing, and in rodent, whisking. Previous transsynaptic tracing studies only mapped orofacial premotor circuits in neonatal mice, but the adult circuits remain unknown as a consequence of technical difficulties. Here we developed a three-step monosynaptic transsynaptic tracing strategy to identify premotor neurons controlling vibrissa, tongue protrusion, and jaw-closing muscles in the adult mouse. We registered these different groups of premotor neurons onto the Allen mouse brain common coordinate framework (CCF) and consequently generated a combined 3D orofacial premotor atlas, revealing unique spatial organizations of distinct premotor circuits. We further uncovered premotor neurons that simultaneously innervate multiple motor nuclei and, consequently, are likely to coordinate different muscles involved in the same orofacial motor actions. Our method for tracing adult premotor circuits and registering to Allen CCF is generally applicable and should facilitate the investigations of motor controls of diverse behaviors.

Constructing An Adult Orofacial Premotor Atlas In Allen Mouse CCF

Premotor circuits in the brainstem control pools of orofacial motoneurons to execute essential functions such as drinking, eating, breathing, and in rodent, whisking. Previous transsynaptic tracing studies only mapped orofacial premotor circuits in neonatal mice but the adult circuits remain unknown due to technical difficulties. Here we developed a three-step monosynaptic transsynaptic tracing strategy to identify premotor neurons controlling whisker, tongue protrusion, and jaw-closing muscles in the adult. We registered these different groups of premotor neurons onto the Allen mouse brain common coordinate framework (CCF) and consequently generated a combined 3D orofacial premotor atlas, revealing unique spatial organizations of distinct premotor circuits. We also uncovered premotor neurons simultaneously innervating multiple motor nuclei and, thus, likely coordinating different muscles involved in the same orofacial behaviors. Our method for tracing adult premotor circuits and registering to Allen CCF is generally applicable and should facilitate the investigations of motor controls of diverse behaviors.

Decreased utilization of allocentric coordinates during reaching movement in individuals with autism spectrum disorder

Despite numerous reports of abnormalities in limb motor controls in spatial orientation in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. We studied the influence of allocentric coordinates on ongoing reaching movements, which has been reported to strongly affect the reaching movements of typically developing (TD) individuals. ASD and TD participants observed a target presented randomly on one of the four corners of a frame on a screen. After it disappeared, another frame was presented slightly shifted leftward/rightward. The participants touched the memorized position of the target relatively congruent with a reference frame (allocentric condition) or ignoring it (egocentric condition). Results suggested that TD individuals were apt to touch the positions in allocentric manner rather than egocentric manner, while ASDs did not show this prioritization. Our findings demonstrate that decreased utilization of visual landmarks in ongoing movement may underlie motor disabilities in autism.

Decreased utilization of allocentric coordinates during reaching movement in individuals with autism spectrum disorder

Despite numerous reports of abnormalities in limb motor controls in spatial orientation in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. We studied the influence of allocentric coordinates on ongoing reaching movements, which has been reported to strongly affect the reaching movements of typically developing (TD) individuals. ASD and TD participants observed a target presented randomly on one of the four corners of a frame on a screen. After it disappeared, another frame was presented slightly shifted leftward/rightward. The participants touched the memorized position of the target relatively congruent with a reference frame (allocentric condition) or ignoring it (egocentric condition). Results suggested that touch positions were less affected by shift directions of reference frame in the allocentric condition in ASD participants, so that they tended to reach in egocentric manner. Our findings demonstrate that decreased utilization of visual landmarks in ongoing movement may underlie motor disabilities in autism.

Providing adaptive properties of the drive of a rotary drilling machine

The article is devoted to the issue of automatic adjustment of the drilling machine to operating modes close to optimal. Information about the method of automatic control of the rotational drilling process is provided. The essence of the method consists in a special design of the drive, in which the work of the hydraulic motor and the hydraulic cylinder are connected through the working process. As a result of this connection of hydraulic elements, the torque of rotation on the hydraulic motor controls the feed of the hydraulic cylinder. Tuning throttles provide adjustment of modes to the required range of drilling conditions. Depending on the strength of the rock being drilled and the operating conditions of the drilling machine, the drive automatically changes the feed rate, thus ensuring maximum productivity. Several variations of this adaptive drive of the drilling machine are described. A description of the authors development, the drive scheme, and a description of the principle of operation is given. The advantages of the adaptive drive and its disadvantages are shown.