COPING STRATEGIES OF HUSBAND VIOLENCE AGAINST WIVES: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Violence is a major societal problem around the world violence, against women includes domestic violence which is usually the wife who is the victim, as the results of WHO (2012) study of more than 24,000 women in 10 countries, from various cultures, geographies and urban / rural areas. Research in 50 countries, shows that between 10 - 60% of women who have been married or partnered have experienced physical violence from their partners. This research method uses a literature review analysis research technique. The results of the systematic review conducted by the author contained 40 journals and then selected by the authors, only 4 journals were retained by the authors. The results of the journal analysis show that the majority of women victims of domestic violence use PFC that is tailored to existing problems, namely seeking assistance from formal and non-formal institutions to help them overcome the problems they experience.

Postnatal Depression Screening among Postpartum Women Attending Postnatal Care at Selected Community Health Centres Situated in the Nkangala District of South Africa

Background: The postnatal period represents a time of risk for the emergence of Postnatal Depression (PND), a common maternal mental health problem affecting the well-being of the mother, the newborn and the entire family. Previously, it was postulated that African women were not affected by PND, due to traditional rituals and other cultural factors. However, the assumption has been refuted because of the existence of empirical evidence of PND in Africa and beyond, particularly among women living in socio-economic disadvantaged regions. Despite the growing magnitude of PND reported in South Africa, the country continues to focus more on reducing maternal and infant mortality and promoting infant physical health with limited efforts made to address PND among postpartum women. Objective: To screen for PND and determine the associated risk factors among postpartum women in selected community health centres situated in the Nkangala District, South Africa. Methods: The study was cross-sectional in design and applied a quantitative approach. Random sampling was used to select the three community health centres in the Nkangala District. A sample of 228 women who had delivered a live infant within 12 weeks of the time of data collection was selected using purposive sampling from the three community health centres. Trained research assistants administered a questionnaire to obtain information on demography and obstetric history, while the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EDPS) was used to screen for postnatal depression. An EDPS score of 13+ confirmed the probability of PND. Data was analysed using STATA 14. Results: The mean age of women was 28±7 years. The majority of women were single (61%), living in large households (77%), and living in households with a monthly income of less than $291.10 (63%). Most women had normal (i.e., vaginal) delivery (83%) and reported unplanned pregnancies (65%). The probability of developing PND among women was 22%. The odds of developing PND were 3.17 times more likely in women with babies aged six weeks and above (AOR=3.17, CI; 1.39 - 7.23) and 4.50 times more likely in women living in households with an income of less than $115.55 (AOR=4.50, CI; 1.03 - 19.74). Partner/husband violence increased the odds of developing PND (AOR = 6.89, CI; 1.49 - 31.93), as well as a stressful life event (AOR= 3.73, CI: 1.52 - 9.17). Having partner/husband support (AOR=0.10, CI: 0.03 - 0.37) and receiving social support (AOR=0.28, CI: 0.09 - 0.93) reduced the risk of developing PND. A chi-square test showed significant associations between the EDPS scores and partner/husband support, partner/husband having another sexual partner, receiving social support, having a person who offers social support, partner/husband violence, and stressful life events. Conclusion: The probability of PND was high among postpartum women in the Nkangala District of the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The key determinants for the probability of PND were the age of a baby, household income, partner/husband violence, partner/husband support and receiving social support. Routine screening to identify women who are at risk of PND should be integrated into postnatal care settings for immediate intervention to protect the mother and her baby from different forms of morbidity.

Tinjauan Yuridis Cerai Gugat Akibat Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (Studi Putusan No. 23/Pdt.G/2015/PN. Lbp)

Divorce is the termination of a legal marriage before a court judge based on conditions determined by law. Therefore it is necessary to understand the spirit of the rules regarding divorce and the causes and consequences that may arise after the husband and wife have broken marriages. This type of research is normative juridical research and the nature of this research is descriptive analysis. Factors causing divorce are disputes and quarrels that have occurred continuously then the peak of disputes in the Plaintiff and Defendant's household in 2005 until now the Defendant has left the residence together. Defendant as head of household cannot carry out his obligations as a good head of household. Legal protection for wives who are victims of husband violence is regulated in several laws and regulations, including in the Criminal Code Article 356 of the Criminal Code, in the Marriage Law (Law No. 1, 1974) Article 24. PP No. 9 Tabun 1975 Article 19 letter d and the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence (Law No. 23 of 2004). The basis for consideration of the Panel of judges in deciding the case for divorce is case number 23 / Pdt.G / 2015 / PN.Lbp, namely the application of Article 5 letter (b) Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence, Article 19 letter (f) of the Regulation Government Number 9 of 1975.

Domestic Violence Cases In Jambi: Psychological Factors That Affect Victims to Return Back to Their Offenders

Most of the domestic violence cases proofed that woman was always be a victim in their own house. Economy will always be the first reason for offenders (husband) to do violence against their wife. Many cases happen but only a few women who have the brave to go to the court to have justice, others choose to keep silent. From these few women, some of them choose to return back to their husband after they see the judge and have sentence for their husband. This study tried to find out psychological factors that may affect women to have reconciliation with their husband. The author performed qualitative analysis on data from interview to four participants who have been consulted their cases on court and experienced domestic violence from their husband. Violence that they got vary from physical such as hitting, punching, and violence using tools (throwing plate or glass to the victim); psychology such as yelling, negative statement, neglected; economy such as not giving money to support their life. Data gained from interview showed that, some victims economically independent, its mean they have their own income but some are dependent; they still need support from their husband as the offender. Negative statement as they daily consumption have been internalized, it made them see their future helpless without husband; children become the other reason why victim choose to recon ciliate, they don’t think they could support their children economically. Social stigma as a widow make them afraid to be separate from their husband. Victims experiencing domestic violence have low self-concept, low self-esteem and low self-image. Those are become main factors that affect them to return back and have reconciliation with their husband. Having no goal setting and direction in their life become minor factors.

Power and Control in Kathmandu

We argue that the concept of power has been inadvertently sidelined in recent theory and research on husband violence. Three types of relationship power may matter with respect to husband violence: attempted power, actual power, and achieved power. Analyses of a randomly selected representative sample of 270 married or partnered women in Kathmandu showed that actual power was related to husband violence prevalence, severity, and injury. Achieved power was related to husband violence prevalence and severity, and attempted power was related to husband violence injury. Implications are discussed.