Development Policy

A variety of policies implemented by the wealthy countries of the world can have an impact on economic development in poor countries. We argue that the field of international political economy has underinvested in studying the determinants of non-foreign-aid policies that affect development. We review literature from a set of eight policy areas where there are identifiable development consequences and discuss the findings of the International Political Economy (IPE) literature with regard to policy origins, changes, and consequences. We find a consistent role of non-governmental organization (NGO) pressure on wealthy-country governments in bringing about pro-development policies, although we also identify instances where pro-development policies originate in domestic and strategic interests. Overall, we argue that there is significant space for additional exploration through a development lens of how policies come into being in the wealthy countries of the world.

ANALYSING STUDENT TOURIST MOVEMENT BASED ON THE UTILITY MAXIMISATION IN DESIGNING TOUR PACKAGE IN JOHOR BAHRU

Tourism industry has played a vital role in the economic development of Malaysia by driving influx of people, capital and commodities into a potentially wealthy country. Tourism also contributed to a foreign exchange earning of most South East Asian countries including Malaysia. The aim of this paper is to analyse and understand the tourist movement pattern from utility maximisation point of view in reference to the spatial pattern of tour package design in Johor Bahru. Tourist movements from one destination to the other solely depends on the tourist attractions sites available in the area and this corresponds to tourist decision on where, when, how and what time to move from one attraction site to the other. The workflow of this study until the final product is the geospatial map of the tour package that has been statistically analyse from the design questionnaire issued to students on tourism aspects. The method used in identifying and determining the utility maximisation of the arrival time and duration time for each attraction is the mode model. From the statistical result, data validation has been constructed to identify whether the result obtain is significantly accepted or fit by using the elementary statistical test. The final output has been presented in various graph to identify the maximum utility for the arrival and time duration for tour package. *For example, tour package G contains Hutan Bandar, Johor Zoo, Johor Grand Palace, Jalan Tan Hiok Nee Bangunan Kedai Lama and Bazar Karat as the listed attractions together with their corresponding arrival times and durations of time spent.

3. Global America

By the end of the nineteenth century, the United States had become the world’s preeminent economic power. Yet for such a large and wealthy country, by 1890 the United States was in a curious position: it was an economic colossus, but a diplomatic and military dwarf. In comparison to the great powers of Europe or Japan, America was a minor actor on the world stage. That would all soon change. ‘Global America’ explores two phenomena—globalization and world war—that brought America deeper into world affairs. By the end of the period, in 1919, the United States had become one of the greatest powers of the world—and yet refused to play its part.

SOCIAL STATUS AND CLASSICISM IN THE VISUAL AND MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE SWEET BANQUET IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND

Around 1520, at the court of Henry VIII of England, a new meal type emerged. Called the ‘banquet’, this took place after the main meal, in a distinct space, and consisted of sweet foods, spiced wine, and sculptural sugarwork. Originally developing at court, the sweet banquet was quickly embraced by the nobility and gentry. This article investigates the adoption of this dining practice in the wealthy country houses of early modern England and the reasons for its popularity in this specific context. It draws on state papers, published works, and household accounts to establish the ways in which the banquet was utilized and understood by early modern elites. This evidence makes it clear that a high-status person would have expected to be entertained with a sweet banquet at any important social occasion involving their peers. An examination of the visual and material cultures associated with the banquet establishes that it was a highly effective means by which to express class status at a time of anxiety regarding social mobility. As an appropriation of the ancient symposium, it provided opportunities to engage with the intellectual and visual cultures of the classical world and the Renaissance.

Flourishing in European Emerging Adults

This chapter explores the challenges that European emerging adults encounter in attempting to flourish within a continent that has extreme levels of socioeconomic inequality and very high levels of migration. Average incomes across the countries of the EU differ by up to a factor of 10, and in the less affluent countries there is a strong motive to move to a more wealthy country to find better paid work. This tends to happen during emerging adulthood; the overwhelming majority of economic migrants in Europe are between the ages of 18 and 30. The well-being of emerging adults in Europe is captured by the European Social Survey (ESS). In 2012, France scored lowest of all participating countries in the ESS for flourishing. We briefly explore how the absence of flourishing in young people may be linked to radicalization, and link this to France’s recent difficulties with terrorism committed by young adult males.

Fevered Imaginations

This chapter explores the intersecting fantasies that lock donors, brokers, and villagers together in a fraught embrace. Donors imagine the poverty and powerlessness of their potential beneficiaries—poor villagers or desperate slum dwellers—and the empowering, transformative help they can offer. Brokers and villagers imagine that the NGOs have a lot of money and that anyone from a wealthy country is rich, and thus that the altruists have the potential to improve their country and, particularly, their own lives. Their embrace of altruists, like the altruists' of them, rests on powerful fantasies. The frustrations arise as those with differing and often-conflicting imaginations attempt to collaborate in transforming the lives of the poor who are living through the tsunami of AIDS in Malawi.

Evacuation Preparedness in the Event of Fire in Intensive Care Units in Sweden: More is Needed

IntroductionHospitals, including intensive care units (ICUs), can be subject to threat from fire and require urgent evacuation.HypothesisThe hypothesis was that the current preparedness for ICU evacuation for fire in the national public hospital system in a wealthy country was very good, using Sweden as model.MethodsAn already validated questionnaire for this purpose was adapted to national/local circumstances and translated into Swedish. It aimed to elicit information concerning fire response planning, personnel education, training, and exercises. Questionnaire results (yes/no answers) were collected and answers collated to assess grouped responses. Frequencies of responses were determined.ResultsWhile a written hospital plan for fire response and evacuation was noted by all responders, personnel familiarity with the plan was less frequent. Deficiencies were reported concerning all categories: lack of written fire response plan for ICU, lack of personnel education in this, and lack of practical exercises to practice urgent evacuation in the event of fire.ConclusionsThese findings were interpreted as an indication of risk for worse consequences for patients in the event of fire and ICU evacuation among the hospitals in the country that was assessed, despite clear regulations and requirements for these. The exact reasons for this lack of compliance with existing laws was not clear, though there are many possible explanations. To remedy this, more attention is needed concerning recognizing risk related to lack of preparedness. Where there exists a goal of high-quality work in the ICU, this should include general leadership and medical staff preparedness in the event of urgent ICU evacuation.LöfqvistE, OskarssonA, BrändströmH, VuorioA, HaneyM. Evacuation preparedness in the event of fire in intensive care units in Sweden: more is needed. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(3):317–320.

The History of Manchuria, 1840-1948

In A History of Manchuria, Ian Nish describes the turbulent times which the three Northeastern Provinces of China experienced in the last two centuries. The site of three serious wars in 1894, 1904 and 1919, the territory rarely enjoyed peace though its economy progressed because of the building of arterial railways. From 1932 it came under the rule of the Japanese-inspired government of Manchukuo based at Changchun. But that was short-lived, being brought to an end by the punitive incursion and occupation of the country by Soviet forces in 1945. Thereafter the devastated territory was fought over by Chinese Nationalist and Communist armies until Mukden (Shenyang) fell to the Communists in October 1948. Manchuria, under-populated but strategically important, was the location for disputes between China, Russia and Japan, the three powers making up the 'triangle' which gives the name to the sub-title of this study. These countries were hardly ever at peace with one another, the result being that the economic growth of a potentially wealthy country was seriously retarded. The story is illustrated by extracts drawn from contemporary documents of the three triangular powers.