The impact of government procurement and anti-poverty efforts on sales format selection in a supply chain

PurposeIn the presence of government procurement, one important driving force behind a poor farmer entering into sales format agreements is to improve profits. In this study, the authors examine two widely used sales formats, namely resale format and agent format, to investigate how parameters influence the optimal sales format selection and decision equilibriums of supply chain members under the scenarios with or without the buyer's poverty alleviation efforts.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts the Stackelberg game-theoretical approach to examine the interactions between the farmer from poor/rural areas and the buyer.FindingsThe authors find that under certain conditions, the optimal sales format of the poor farmer and buyer can be consistent, which eliminates conflicts in the sales format selection. In addition, with the buyer's poverty alleviation effort, the poor farmer and buyer can achieve the Pareto improvement, which is a win–win outcome for them. The authors also find that the market price in government procurement is independent of competition, which is consistent with practical observations.Originality/valueIt is the first study to investigate the optimal sales format selection given government procurement as a poverty alleviation effort which is in competition with a firm's regular channel.

ELECTRA LOST IN TRANSIT

Like all the tragedies about the House of Atreus, Euripides’ Electra dramatizes the political stakes of familial disorder. In the background lies the legendary story of Agamemnon who sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia and, after returning from Troy, was killed by his wife Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus. Electra takes place sometime after that murder and political usurpation, with the couple scrambling to secure their rule against the potential threat of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra's children. When the play opens, Clytemnestra and Aegisthus have already exiled Orestes from Argos and relocated Electra to its border where she lives in a forced countryside marriage to a poor farmer. Over the course of the play, the siblings reunite and plot the murders of their mother and her new husband. By its end, Orestes and Electra are prepared to say goodbye to each other for good and, under the stain of matricide, to embark on their respective forms of movement, wandering for him and a new marriage for her.

The Impact of Credit on Multidimensional Poverty in Rural Areas: A Case Study of the Indonesian Agricultural Sector

Poor farmer households are a vulnerable group in rural areas. Various poverty alleviation measures have been launched to help poor farmer groups become more prosperous. The policies launched were in the form of cash transfers, empowerment, and access to formal financial institutions. Policies for providing formal financial access continue to face many obstacles, one of which is credit risk and farmer literacy. The study aims to estimate the impact of credit on multidimensional poverty in poor farmer households in Indonesia. Secondary data were obtained from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) batch 4 and 5. The impact estimation method used was propensity score matching combined with the difference in differences. The results showed that credit programs for poor farmers, initiated by official financial institutions, significantly helped farmers out of poverty, although the value was small. The addition of control variables such as education, ownership of household assets, and ownership of agricultural land actually made the credit program more modifiable at the policy level. Credit can be used as a complement to policies related to improving farmer education and knowledge in the form of agricultural modernization, as well as to scale-up of farmer household businesses.

Bombay Cinema and Postmodernism

The chapter explores the inception of the postmodern trends in postmodern cinema in India. It argues that the postmodern cinema in India is a result of multiple factors including foreign investment in Bollywood, the prevalence of the postmodern cinema in the West in the 1970s-1980s, and the experimentation within the cinema industry. This study explores the fact that though there weren't many films to qualify as postmodern cinema, there was a presence of postmodern thoughts in many such films. It tries to locate the representation of poverty in postmodern cinema in Bombay cinema. One of the first movies to portray poverty in the new light with a postmodern approach was Salam Bombay. Similarly, Shwet was another postmodern movie that drew a parallel between a postmodern hero and a poor farmer and tried to show that the tragedies in the modern world unite in death. The chapter sketches a historical trajectory of postmodern movies in Bombay cinema.

KELEMBAGAAN KOMUNITAS DALAM PEMBERDAYAAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI MISKIN DI DESA KAPITA KECAMATAN BANGKALA KABUPATEN JENEPONTO

abstract Community institutionalization in empowering the household community of poor farmers in Kapita Village, Bangkala District, Jeneponto Regency, in the implementation, there are still many obstacles that have not run optimally.The purpose of this research is to know the institutional community in community empowerment (household) poor farmers in the village of capita. This research uses descriptive qualitative approach, which uses a method of interviewing, observation, documentation, and libraries to explore studies on existing groups are able to become a strong community and institutional work related to community empowerment that has been running in the village of Capita into a more directional and cutting edge. Empowerment will affect direct interaction, relationships, goals and setup rules in the group created good, a group that is in the capita as farmers group, goat and cattle still need in language use and given a motivation in the development of the group in order to be effective, efisen bias, just and prosperous. Keywords: Institutional, Community, Community Empowerment, Poor Farmer Households Abstrak Kelembagaan komunitas dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat rumah tangga petani miskin di Desa Kapita Kecamatan Bangkala Kabupaten Jeneponto dalam pelaksanaannya masih dijumpai banyak kendala sehingga belum berjalan secara optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelembagaan komunitas dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat (rumah tangga) petani miskin di Desa Kapita. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif, yang menggunakan metode wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi, dan studi kepustakaan untuk mengeksplorasi tentang kelompok-kelompok yang ada apakah mampu menjadi kelembagaan komunitas yang kuat dan melembaga terkait dengan pemberdayaan masyarakat yang telah berjalan di Desa Kapita ke jalan yang lebih terarah dan terdepan. Pemberdayaan yang baik akan mempengaruhi langsung interaksi, tata hubungan, tujuan dan penataan aturan dalam kelompok terjalin baik, kelompok yang ada di kapita seperti kelompok tani, dan ternak kambing masih perlu di dampingi dan diberi motivasi dalam pengembangan kelompoknya agar bias efektif, efisen, adil dan sejahtera. Kata Kunci : Kelembagaan, Komunitas, Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, Petani Miskin

GENDER RELATIONS AND SUBJECTIVE FAMILY WELL-BEING AMONG FARMER FAMILIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN UPLANDS AND LOWLANDS AREAS IN WEST JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA

<p>The objectives of this study are described as follows: (1) To examine the conditions of<br />social, economic and demographic characteristics of poor farmer families who live at<br />uplands and lowlands areas, (2) to describe the social-cultural and agroecosystem<br />conditions of poor farmer families who live at uplands and lowlands areas, (3) To<br />explain type of gender relations of poor farmer families who live at uplands and<br />lowlands areas, and (4) to analyze factors that influenced subjective family well-being<br />of poor farmer families who live at uplands and lowlands areas. The chosen research<br />sites were Nanggung Sub-district, Bogor District as an upland area, and West Teluk<br />Jambe Sub-district, Karawang District, West Java Province as a lowland area. The total<br />of 189 farmer families was used for this study (n= 90 in uplands district areas, and n=<br />99 in lowlands district areas). It was found that the conditions of social-cultural and<br />agroecosystem differ between upland and lowland areas. In general, both upland and<br />lowland areas gender roles on farming activities, in terms of access and control to<br />agricultural resources, were dominated by men. Family well-being was directly<br />influenced by higher education of husband and wife, indirectly influenced by less<br />economic pressure of the family, directly influenced by higher gender relations between<br />husband and wife, and directly influenced by less or higher external support. Thus,<br />wealthy farmer families were the family that had educated husband and wife, less<br />economic pressures, equal gender relations and partnerships, and less or more receive<br />external supports. It is recommended that the next study should add variables of family<br />coping strategies related to family economic pressure and gender roles between husband<br />and wife.</p>