Common Spelling Mistakes of Hamza and Alif among Beginners

Alif is considered one of the first Arabic alphabets, while most linguists count the Hamza from the Arabic alphabet census, and these two letters have different forms in writing. So that some scholars do not consider both letters: Hamza and Alif, as independent letters of the alphabet, and at the same time they imagine in front of beginners in a close form, in addition to the lack of attention to train in writing these two letters correctly. This research seeks to detect mistakes made by students when writing and spelling with regard to Hamz and Alif, and to present the most appropriate ways to treat these mistakes. The researcher relies on the descriptive approach. As for the research tools, the research refers to the questionnaire, which is distributed to 103 first-year students from the Department of Arabic Studies of the South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, in addition to the secondary data that helps the researcher cover the first objective—knowing that the analysis of the information is done by MS Excel. The research also concluded that the students have a theoretical knowledge of the use of the Hamza and the Alif in different words and phrases, but when they come to the practical side, they misspell, and they also have a simple experience in writing the Hamza and the Alif in various patterns, in addition to the difficulty that most students face when distinguishing the difference between them in sentences.

Awareness Modeling and Computing for Quality-Aware Coordination

In this paper, we address the issues of the trade-off between QoS and QoE with an analytical analysis based on mathematical modeling under a unified normalization measurement. We model through computation the awareness of QoS and QoE with a strategy of quality-aware QoE-QoS coordination. A balanced coordination is proposed using modeling correlations between user experience and service performance. The main contributions of this paper include three main parts. First, a comprehensive mapping is modeled in a close form to illustrate the analytic correlations between QoS, QoE, and data communication. Second, an analytical method to analyze and coordinate the nonlinear trade-off between QoE and QoS is proposed based on the theoretical proof with discussions on necessary-sufficient conditions. Third, an algorithmic framework is provided to perform QoE-QoS coordination based on quality-awareness computing with a test proof. An assessment model for user experience quantification is built with the mean opinion score (MOS) test. Quality-aware QoE and QoS models are built based on the subspace learning strategy. Simulations are given to prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the operations with the proposed solution can be obtained analytically with balanced efficiency in both user experience performance and network performance.

Product of κ-μ and α-μ Distributions and Their Composite Fading Distributions

In this study, product of two independent and non-identically distributed (i.n.i.d.) random variables (RVs) for κ-μ fading distribution and α-μ fading distribution is considered. The novel exact series formulas for the product of two i.n.i.d. fading distributions κ-μ and α-μ are derived instead of Fox H-function to solve the problem that Fox H function with multiple RVs cannot be implemented in professional mathematical software packages as MATHEMATICA and MAPLE. Exact close-form expressions of probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) are deduced to represent provided product expressions and generalized composite multipath shadowing models. At last, these analytical results are validated with Monte Carlo simulations, it shows that for provided κ-μ/α-μ model nonlinear parameter has more important influence than multipath component in PDF and CDF when the ratio between the total power of the dominant components and<br>the total power of the scattered waves is same. <br>

Product of κ-μ and α-μ Distributions and Their Composite Fading Distributions

In this study, product of two independent and non-identically distributed (i.n.i.d.) random variables (RVs) for κ-μ fading distribution and α-μ fading distribution is considered. The novel exact series formulas for the product of two i.n.i.d. fading distributions κ-μ and α-μ are derived instead of Fox H-function to solve the problem that Fox H function with multiple RVs cannot be implemented in professional mathematical software packages as MATHEMATICA and MAPLE. Exact close-form expressions of probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) are deduced to represent provided product expressions and generalized composite multipath shadowing models. At last, these analytical results are validated with Monte Carlo simulations, it shows that for provided κ-μ/α-μ model nonlinear parameter has more important influence than multipath component in PDF and CDF when the ratio between the total power of the dominant components and<br>the total power of the scattered waves is same. <br>

Establishment of locally advantageous allele and local adaptation in partly self-fertilizing populations

Populations often inhabit multiple ecological patches and thus experience divergent selection, which can lead to local adaptation if migration is not strong enough to swamp locally adapted alleles. Conditions for the establishment of a locally advantageous allele have been studied in randomly mating populations. However, many species reproduce, at least partially, through self-fertilization, and how selfing affects local adaptation remains unclear and debated. Using a two-patch branching process formalism, we obtained a close-form approximation for the probability of establishment of a locally advantageous allele (P) for arbitrary selfing rate and dominance level, where selection is allowed to act on viability or fecundity, and migration can occur via seed or pollen dispersal. This solution is used to investigate the consequences of a shift in a mating system on P, and the establishment of protected polymorphism. We find that selfing can either increase or decrease P, depending on the patterns of dominance in the two patches, and has contradictory effect on local adaptation. Globally, selfing favors local adaptation when locally advantageous alleles are (partially) recessive, when selection between patches is asymmetrical and when migration occurs through pollen rather than seed dispersal. These results establish a rigorous theoretical background to study heterogeneous selection and local adaptation in partially selfing species.

Large-charge limit of AdS boson stars with mixed boundary conditions

It was recently shown that charged AdS boson stars can reproduce the universal structure of the lowest scaling dimension in the subsector of a CFT with fixed large global U(1) charge Q. Using the model consisting of Einstein-Maxwell gravity with a negative cosmological constant, coupled to a U(1)-charged conformally massless scalar with the fourth-order self interaction, we construct a class of charged AdS boson star solutions in the large Q limit, where the scalar field obeys a mixed boundary condition, parameterized by k that interpolates between the Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions corresponding to k = 0 and ∞ respectively. By varying k, we numerically read off the k dependence of the leading coefficient c3/2(k) ≡ limQ→∞M/Q3/2. We find that c3/2(k) is a monotonously increasing function which grows linearly when k is sufficiently small. When k → ∞, c3/2(k) approaches the maximal value at a decreasing rate given by k−3/2. We also obtain a close form expression that fits the numerical data for the entire range of k within 10−4 accuracy.

Assessment of Quantum Scaling Length Model for Cylindrical Surrounding Double-Gate (CSDG) MOSFET

Aim: The derivation and assessment of quantum scaling length of Cylindrical Surrounding Double-Gate (CSDG) MOSFET with respect to Silicon body thickness. Objectives: To derive the quantum natural length of CSDG MOSFET with respect of Silicon body Thickness, observe the behaviour of the CSDG MOSFET at the nanoscale regime and compare the behaviour of the CSDG MOSFET with Cylindrical Surrounding Gate (CSG) MOSFET. Methods: The authors employed the mathematical analysis. The quantum energy level is analysed using Schrodinger equation by assuming one-dimensional approach and a negligible potential well. Results: The analytical results obtained from classical and quantum natural length are compared with the numerical simulations. Also, the model was compared with CSG MOSFET. Results shows that proposed analytical close-form expression approximately matches the numerical simulation and the proposed CSDG MOSFET will be better than CSG MOSFET at quantum level even though it has smaller quantum natural length than CSG MOSFET. Conclusion: In this research work, quantum scaling length model and quantum scaling factor have been proposed using the quantum confinement approach. The performance assessment of the CSDG MOSFETs provided an opportunity of determining the scaling limit of CSDG MOSFETs by evaluating the trade-off between the quantum natural length and the classical natural length of CSDG MOSFETs. Results obtained were compared with CSG MOSFETs to show that CSDG MOSFETs offer better device characteristics.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KASUS DBD DI SULAWESI SELATAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN REGRESI POISSON INVERSE GAUSSIAN

Poisson regression is used to model enumeration data such as data on the number of DHF cases. This model has the assumption that is fulfilled is the average and the variance must have the same value or it is called the equidispersion. But this assumption is not fulfilled because the data on the number of dengue cases experienced violations of this assumption. The violation is that the average value is smaller than the variance value or it is called overdispersion. This results in incorrect conclusions because the prediction standard error is underestimated. The way to prevent this is by combining the Poisson distribution and discrete or continuous distribution, this combination is called Mixed Poisson Distribution. Researchers use one of the Mixed Poisson methods, namely Inverse Gaussian Poisson Regression (PIG) because the method is used when the data is overdispersed and the parameters are known or close form on the likelihood function. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the height of the area is a factor that significantly influences DHF cases in South Sulawesi and the model form is as follows: π=exp(5,902-0,0004189 X_2)Keyword: DHF Cases; Poisson Regression; Overdispersion; Poisson Inverse Gaussian Regression;

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KASUS DBD DI SULAWESI SELATAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN REGRESI POISSON INVERSE GAUSSIAN

Regresi Poisson digunakan untuk memodelkan data yang bersifat cacahan seperti data jumlah kasus DBD. Model ini memiliki asumsi yang dipenuhi ialah rata-rata dan variansinya harus memiliki nilai yang sama besar atau disebut equidispersi. Tapi asumsi tersebut tidak terpenuhi karena data jumlah kasus DBD mengalami pelanggaran Asumsi ini. Pelanggarannya ialah nilai rata-rata lebih kecil dari nilai variansi atau disebut overdispersi. Hal ini mengakibabkan kesimpulan yang diperoleh tidak benar karena pendugaan standar error mengalami underestimate. Cara untuk mencegahnya yaitu dengan menggabungkan antara distribusi poisson dan distribusi diskrit atau kontinu, penggabungan ini dinamakan Mixed Poisson Distribution. Peneliti menggunakan metode salah satu dari Mixed Poisson yaitu Regresi Poisson Inverse Gaussian (PIG) karena metode digunakan apabila data tersebut mengalami overdispersi dan parameter diketahui atau close form pada fungsi likelihood. Berdasarkan hasil dari penelitian diketahui bahwa ketinggian wilayah ialah faktor yang mempengaruhi kasus DBD di Sulawesi Selatan secara signifikan dan diperoleh bentuk model yaitu sebagai berikut:π=exp(5,902-0,0004189 X_2)Kata0Kunci : Kasus DBD;0Regresi Poisson;0Overdispersi;0Regresi Poisson0Inverse Gaussian;

Application of stimuli-responsive FRET behavior toward cyanide detection in photo-switchable [2]pseudorotaxane polymer containing BODIPY donor and merocyanine acceptor

We have developed a supramolecular (close form) [2]pseudorotaxane polymer containing a green-emissive (λem = 523 nm) BODIPY-based pillar[5]arene host and a non-emissive spiropyran (SP)-based cyano guest (close form), which can...