The Hindi-Urdu compound verb and its covert semantics

2021 ◽  
pp. 275-299
Author(s):  
Peter E. Hook
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Compound Versus ◽  
Online Data ◽  
New Information ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Compound Verb

The first section of this chapter shows how use of quantitative online data can shed light on the semantic and syntactic properties of the Hindi-Urdu compound verb when compared to the compound verb in other Indo-Aryan languages like Marathi and Nepali. The second and third parts of the chapter demonstrate a contrast in the use of compound versus?noncompound verbs in referring to imagined versus real natural events and interpret that contrast as reflecting the conscious reception of information by the prepared mind as opposed to the sudden reception of new information by the unprepared mind (Bashir 1993). This contrast is robust in languages like Hindi-Urdu where the alternation of compound versus noncompound forms of the verb has taken on paradigmatic value and has developed the power to reflect abstract mental states.

Considering Others’ Mental States Causally Increases Feelings of Social Bonding and Information Sharing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Baek ◽  
Diana Tamir ◽  
Emily B. Falk
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Social Bonding ◽  
Health News ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Share Information ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Mentalizing System

Information sharing is a ubiquitous social behavior. What causes people to share? Mentalizing, or considering the mental states of other people, has been theorized to play a central role in information sharing, with higher activity in the brain’s mentalizing system associated with increased likelihood to share information. In line with this theory, we present novel evidence that mentalizing causally increases information sharing. In three pre-registered studies (n = 400, 840, and 3500 participants), participants who were instructed to consider the mental states of potential information receivers indicated higher likelihood to share health news compared to a control condition where they were asked to reflect on the content of the article. Certain kinds of mentalizing were particularly effective; in particular, considering receivers’ emotional and positive mental states, led to the greatest increase in likelihood to share. The relationship between mentalizing and sharing was mediated by feelings of closeness with potential receivers. Mentalizing increased feelings of connectedness to potential receivers, and in turn, increased likelihood of information sharing. Considering receivers’ emotional, positive, and inward-focused mental states was most effective at driving participants to feel closer with potential receivers and increase sharing. Data provide evidence for a causal relationship between mentalizing and information sharing and provide insight about the mechanism linking mentalizing and sharing. Taken together, these results advance theories of information sharing and shed light on previously observed brain-behavior relationships.

scholarly journals Counselling Muslim Selves on Islamic Websites: Walking a Tightrope Between Secular and Religious Counselling Ideals?

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Abdel-Fadil
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Counselling Service ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Mixed Methods Approach ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
Online Counselling ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Counselling Psychology

This article focuses on the interactive counselling service Problems and Answers (PS), an Arabic language and Islamic online counselling service, which draws on global therapeutic counselling trends. For over a decade, PS was run and hosted by www.IslamOnline.net (IOL). Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this article aims to provide a layered, contextualized understanding of online Islamic counselling, through addressing the ‘invisible’, ‘behind the screens’ aspects of PS counselling and the meaning making activities that inform the online output. In particular, I examine: 1. The multiple ways in which ‘religion’ shapes the PS counsellors' counselling output, and 2. The extent to which secular and religious counselling ideals clash, in PS counselling. Drawing on a mixed methods approach, I demonstrate instances in which offline data nuance and generate new understandings of online data. The findings demonstrate the multivocality and variations in the PS counsellors' perspectives on both religion and counselling psychology, and shed light on possible tensions between professed ideals and actual online practices.

scholarly journals Coupled Transcription-Translation in Prokaryotes: An Old Couple With New Surprises

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikel Irastortza-Olaziregi ◽  
Orna Amster-Choder
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Rna Binding Proteins ◽  
Rna Localization ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
New Information ◽  
Shed Light

Coupled transcription-translation (CTT) is a hallmark of prokaryotic gene expression. CTT occurs when ribosomes associate with and initiate translation of mRNAs whose transcription has not yet concluded, therefore forming “RNAP.mRNA.ribosome” complexes. CTT is a well-documented phenomenon that is involved in important gene regulation processes, such as attenuation and operon polarity. Despite the progress in our understanding of the cellular signals that coordinate CTT, certain aspects of its molecular architecture remain controversial. Additionally, new information on the spatial segregation between the transcriptional and the translational machineries in certain species, and on the capability of certain mRNAs to localize translation-independently, questions the unanimous occurrence of CTT. Furthermore, studies where transcription and translation were artificially uncoupled showed that transcription elongation can proceed in a translation-independent manner. Here, we review studies supporting the occurrence of CTT and findings questioning its extent, as well as discuss mechanisms that may explain both coupling and uncoupling, e.g., chromosome relocation and the involvement of cis- or trans-acting elements, such as small RNAs and RNA-binding proteins. These mechanisms impact RNA localization, stability, and translation. Understanding the two options by which genes can be expressed and their consequences should shed light on a new layer of control of bacterial transcripts fate.

Coming to Understand the Social and Physical Worlds

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Theory Change ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Load Force ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Adaptation Task

Children’s conceptual development has been described as a process of“theory change.” Specifically, children begin with an idea and then iteratively update that idea by combining existing and new information, making and testing predictions and then revising their idea based on new data again. Similar processes have been postulated to account for adaptive phenomenon in perceptual psychology and motor control. The similarities between the two processes suggest that performance on tasks that measure conceptual and sensory‐motor “theory change”respectively may be related. The goal of the present study is to determine whether children’s development in a complex conceptual domain, theory of mind, is associated with children’s performance in a load force adaptation paradigm. Theory of mind is broadly defined as the ability to understand how mental states, such as beliefs and desires, motivate ourown and other people’s actions. In contrast, load force adaptation is the ability to gradually adjust the amount of force exerted on an object in order to smoothly lift it up, as experience with the weight of the object is gained. To explore the mechanisms underlying these two processes, children between the ages of 3.5 and 4.5 years participate in a load force adaptation task and a battery of theory of mind tasks. We predict that since the underlying processes appear to be theoretically similar, the individual differences in the ability to adapt load force and in theory of mind ability will be positively correlated.   

Jewish and Roman Law: A Study in Interaction

2020 ◽  
pp. 379-393
Author(s):  
Haym Soloveitchik
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Jewish Law ◽  
Jewish Literature ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Information ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter discusses the laws regulating usury (ribbit). In the course of studying ribbit, more specifically, the problem of personal surety in usury contracts, certain peculiar developments in Provençal halakhic thought came to the author's attention which were not explainable by indigenous forces. The geographical distribution of the discussion seemed oddly disproportionate, the fictions too blatant, the types of problem that were raised seemed inappropriate for the period, and the terminology was occasionally alien. The author was compelled to look outside Jewish law for possible stimuli. Placing the Jewish developments within the context of twelfth-century Provençal law shed light on a number of seemingly inexplicable points. The Jewish literature, on the other hand, provided new information about the Gentile law of the time and yielded fresh corroboration for theories of the penetration of Roman law in Provence. However, at the same time this material seemed to point to an earlier date for certain legal developments than is generally accepted. It is these findings that the author wishes to bring to the attention of the scholars of Provençal law.

scholarly journals Attribution of mental states in glossolalia: a direct comparison with schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szabolcs Keri ◽  
Imre Kállai ◽  
Katalin Csigó
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Intrinsic Religiosity ◽  
Speaking In Tongues ◽  
Mental State Attribution ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Movement Condition ◽  
Altered Mental State ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Intentional Movement

Glossolalia (“speaking in tongues”) is a rhythmic utterance of pseudo-words without constant semantic and syntactic properties. Although glossolalia is a culturally embedded religious activity, its connection with psychopathology (e.g., psychotic thought disorder, and altered mental state attribution) is still a matter of debate. We investigated 31 glossolalists, 31 matched control subjects, and 31 patients with schizophrenia using the Animated Triangles Test (ATT) and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). The ATT can detect hypo- and hypermentalization using animations of two moving triangles. Healthy adults describe these as random movements (e.g., bouncing), willed actions (e.g., playing), or they mentalize (e.g., tricking). We found that glossolalists provided more mentalizing descriptions in the ATT random and intentional movement animations relative to the control subjects. They also recognized more mental states on the RMET than the controls. None of them had a diagnosis of mental disorders. In contrast, patients with schizophrenia hypermentalized only in the ATT random movement condition, whereas they showed hypomentalization in the intentional movement condition and RMET relative the control subjects. ATT hypermentalization in the glossolalia group selectively correlated with intrinsic religiosity. Our results therefore demonstrated a substantial difference in the mentalizing activity of glossolalists (generalized hypermentalization) and patients with schizophrenia (both hypo- and hypermentalization).

scholarly journals Computations of confidence are modulated by mentalizing ability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa van der Plas ◽  
David Mason ◽  
Lucy Anne Livingston ◽  
Jillian Craigie ◽  
Francesca Happé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
General Population Sample ◽  
Choice Accuracy ◽  
Communicative Skills ◽  
Shed Light

Do people have privileged and direct access to their own minds, or do we infer our own thoughts and feelings indirectly, as we would infer the mental states of others? In this study we shed light on this question by examining how mentalizing ability—the set of processes involved in understanding other people’s thoughts and feelings—relates to metacognitive efficiency—the ability to reflect on one’s own performance. In a general population sample (N = 477) we showed that mentalizing ability and self-reported socio-communicative skills are positively correlated with perceptual metacognitive efficiency, even after controlling for choice accuracy. By modelling the trial-by-trial formation of confidence we showed that mentalizing ability predicted the association between response times and confidence, suggesting those with better mentalizing ability were more sensitive to inferential cues to self-performance. In a second study we showed that both mentalizing and metacognitive efficiency were lower in autistic participants (N = 40) when compared with age, gender, IQ, and education-matched non-autistic participants. Together, our results suggest that the ability to understand other people’s minds predicts self-directed metacognition.

Can You Escape? Using Mobile App Escape Games to Create a Holistic Experiential Learning Process Online

2021 ◽  
pp. 237929812110569
Author(s):  
Mai P. Trinh
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Experiential Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Learning Cycle ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
New Information ◽  
Learning Flexibility ◽  
Shed Light

Mobile app escape games are excellent tools to create an experiential learning process in online contexts. Through the act of solving puzzles to escape the rooms, students experience a process in which they need to discover new information and clues, adjust their strategies repeatedly, and become more aware of the way they learn. Their emotional and behavioral reactions when they encounter difficulties can shed light on their learning identity and learning flexibility. The experiential learning cycle is complete with the addition of after-game reflection, debrief, and discussion. Escape games are versatile and can be used to teach a variety of topics, such as problem-solving, creative thinking, teamwork, and leadership, in any kind of classroom, with any population of students. This article provides an overview of mobile app escape games, how instructors could use them in class, and examples of topics, games, and debrief questions to use.

New Purcell Documents from the Court of King's Bench

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Cheryll Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
First Case ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
New Information ◽  
National Archives ◽  
New Material ◽  
London Stage ◽  
Shed Light

Two legal documents recently discovered among The National Archives at Kew in London provide new information about Henry Purcell's final years. The only known instances of the composer's involvement with the law, these rare archival finds shed light on his familial relations and financial circumstances at that point in his career when he was turning his attention to the London stage. The first case involves Purcell's sister-in-law Amy Howlett, who owed him £40; and the second concerns his unpaid bill at an exclusive West End retailer's. The new material confirms beyond doubt the identity of Purcell's in-laws, and shows that he was not just short of money in the 1690s, but that he was actually in debt at the time of his death. Other areas of enquiry include the élite social milieu in which the Purcells increasingly moved, and their possible place of residence in 1691–3. These aspects are discussed in relation to Purcell's enhanced public profile at that time, and within the wider context of the culture of consumption and credit in late seventeenth-century England. The two lawsuits are transcribed and translated in full, and their legal implications explicated.

Brain imaging and courtroom evidence: on the admissibility and persuasiveness of fMRI

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal Feigenson
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Advanced Technique ◽  
Probative Value ◽  
Shed Light

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the most advanced technique for measuring and depicting brain function. Functional MRI studies abound in neuroscience, psychiatry and psychology. Inevitably, fMRI-based evidence will be offered in court as proof of matters involving parties’ mental states and capabilities. This paper analyses the likely admissibility of fMRI testimony and images. Cases involving other types of functional neuroimaging (PET and SPECT), which may shed light on judges’ receptivity to fMRI evidence, are briefly surveyed. The conceptual and methodological underpinnings of fMRI are then explored, prompting basic questions about the evidentiary reliability and relevance of fMRI results. The first reported case involving fMRI evidence, which raises several of these questions, is described. Finally, the admissibility and probative value of the fMRI images themselves are discussed. Assuming that the expert testimony that the images are offered to illustrate is admissible, it is argued that the law can obtain the benefits of fMRI science while minimising the judgmental risks by allowing triers of fact to see the images and encouraging experts and lawyers to educate the triers to interpret the images properly.

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