‘Modern’ Farming and the Transformation of Livelihoods in Rural Tanzania

This chapter focuses on smallholder agriculture and livelihoods in north-central Tanzania. It traces changes in agricultural production and asset ownership in one community over a twenty-eight-year period. Over this period, national development policies and agriculture programmes have moved from socialism to neoliberal approaches. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, we explore how farmers have responded to these shifts in the wider political-economic context and how these responses have shaped their livelihoods and ideas about farming and wealth. This case study clearly debunks the idea that rural farmers are slow to respond to ‘modern’ farming methods or that smallholder farming is stagnant and cannot reduce poverty. While changes overall are very positive in this rural community, challenges remain as land sizes are small and markets often unreliable. This research cautions against a shift in emphasis to large-scale farming as a strategy for national development. It suggests instead that increased investment in supporting smallholder farming is critical for addressing poverty and rural well-being.

New Agriculture Technology in Modern Farming

Progressions in the field of science and innovation alongside worldwide urbanization are the main considerations driving the course and advancement of horticultural examination. Ascend in per capita pay in non-industrial countries, word-related changes, and worldwide linkages have changed the food inclinations. These patterns together with the augmentation in the general population represent an assessment to horticulture for creating more and healthier food. An increase in the efficiency of horticulture by utilizing strategies of traditional agribusiness is representing a limit. The threat to the environment posed by reliance on synthetic manures and pesticides for increasing efficiency and irritation across the board is a major factor impacting global food production. These trends suggest that new farming innovations are urgently needed and that these innovations should be integrated into traditional agribusiness. Vertical cultivating and natural cultivating are the exploration territories to battle these requirements. Vertical cultivating utilizes vertical stacking of the ranches and little land can be used for more creation. This strategy is appropriate for the quickly developing worldwide metropolitan population can be met food supply from inside the urban communities and along these lines decreasing the transportation cost and climate weakening brought about by energizes all the while. Natural cultivating again depends on of minimization of the synthetic contributions to the horticulture and henceforth is climate cordial. As a result, these processes can be employed to increase production and profitability in order to meet the growing food demand.

Reactions to modernity

Emigration, which had been such a marked feature of Irish history since the nineteenth century, accelerated through the 1950s, creating the sense of an emptying countryside. Leaving the land is represented as alienation in Frank O’Connor’s story ‘Uprooted’, a tragedy to be resisted at all costs in M. J. Molloy’s play The Wood of the Whispering, while the plight of the stay-at-home sibling when all the others have left is the focus of William Trevor’s ‘The Hill Bachelors’. Nostalgia for a pre-modern rural landscape features in the work of Michael McLaverty, John Montague, and Maurice Riordan. In the fully urbanized Ireland of the twenty-first century, there is a sardonic take on modern farming in Kevin Barry, but the remaining connections to the land of contemporary society are still very much present in novels by Belinda McKeon and Anne Enright.

‘We Are Poor, So We Keep Quiet’

Since 2006, the Rwandan government has been implementing policies to modernise the agricultural sector in a top-down manner. Small-scale subsistence farmers, making up the vast majority of Rwandans, are compelled to leave their traditional farming behind, form co-operatives and take up ‘modern’ farming techniques based on irrigation and state-approved crops. For my interlocutors in a Rwandan village, this policy resulted in reduced crop yields, difficulties in putting food on the table and a visible degradation of their lives. Yet people complied. They did not rise up in protest. They sought to meet the authorities’ demands. Although ‘government authoritarianism’ explains much of the lack of open resistance, Rwandans had their own ideas, values and practices which at times overlapped with oppressive state projects and ended up supporting the state’s agricultural modernization scheme. Here, compliance is part of how villagers wanted to project themselves to others and to themselves and how they pursued their aspirations for the future.

Internet of Things in Agriculture to Revolutionize Traditional Agricultural Industry

Agriculture is familiarly called “Farming”. Agriculture is the basic art to cultivate food which is a necessary need to every living individual. Agriculture needs the practice of science for cultivating the soil factors and growing crops. In traditional farming, it includes more labor work and less yield quantity. This demerit can be overcome by the modern farming techniques which makes use of the advanced technology and focuses on maximizing the yield and maintaining the quality. Earlier the farmers used to figure out the type of the soil based on their suspicion and they would never think of the humidity, temperature, climatic condition and especially the level of water. IoT is trying to overcome all these factors by helping to assemble the information. This paper focuses on the soil moisture and soil type which lets the farmer know about the type of crops to be grown.

Empowerment of rural women farmers and food production in Rathnapura district in Sri Lanka: a household level analysis

Women empowerment and gender equity are two significant aspects of the sustainable development of a country. As Sri Lanka is on the way towards sustainable development, this study was conducted to assess the situation of women farmers’ empowerment and food production in Rathnapura district of the country. A sample of 300 women farmers was randomly selected for the study, from two selected Divisional Secretariat (DS) of Rathnapura district. Data was collected from a field survey using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire survey from April to July 2019. Empowerment was analyzed using the empowerment framework used by RAHMAN AND NAOZORE in 2007 in the study of “Women Empowerment through Participation in Aquaculture” with necessary modifications. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results revealed that majority of the women farmers were middle aged, married and had children. Furthermore, most of them had education up to secondary level. While average family size was four, average farm size was 1.25 acres. They had around 16 years of farming experience. The average monthly income of them was 25,000.00 LKR whereas 20% of it was from agriculture. The main sources of empowerment of women farmers were the Agrarian Service Center (55%) followed by village organizations/societies (30%) and microfinance institutions (26%). Furthermore, women empowerment index was 0.65. It is a moderate level of empowerment. However, there were women farmers under three categories of empowerment levels: low empowerment (4.1%), medium empowerment (58.5%) and high empowerment (36.1%). Out of the socio-economic factors; age, education, family size, land size, number of training programs participated, monthly income, experience in agriculture and number of organizations participated, education and number of training programs attended had significant and positive effect for the empowerment. Accessibility of credit facilities and agricultural extension program participation showed that there was a considerable impact on food production rather than the cultivable land size and utilization of modern farming technologies for food production. Therefore, proving of timely important agricultural education and training programs, enhance awareness level of modern farming technology utilization, better micro finance programs and agricultural credit facilities will be able to enhance the empowerment level of the women farmers of this area furthermore. JEL CODE: Q01, Q12

Growth Performance of Organic Agriculture in India

Organic agriculture is growing rapidly as an alternative strategy to modern farming methods. At present, only 1.5 per cent of the world’s agricultural land is organic. However, it has encountered a phenomenal rise over the past fourteen years (2005 to 2018) growing annually at a compound growth rate of 7.05 per cent; with 71.5 million hectares global organic land in 2018. However, India has witnessed a remarkable growth of 10.62 per cent during the ibid period and stood at ninth rank among other countries in terms of organic agricultural land (2018-19). The present study attempts to examine the trend and variability in growth of organic agricultural land (including both the cultivated and wild) from 2005 to 2018 at both the national and global level. Further, it explores the marketing patterns for organic food products and unveils those areas where more emphasis is needed and which issues are to be further investigated, addressed and improvised.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN PERTANIAN ORGANIK TERPADU PADA CV GESTY SINO ORGANIK (GS ORGANIK) DESA PENFUI TIMUR, KECAMATAN KUPANG TENGAH, KABUPATEN KUPANG

ABSTRACT This research aims to know the bigness of integrated organic farming income and an appropriate strategy in the development of integrated organic farming on CV Gesty Sino Organic (Organic GS.). Source and technic of data collecting in this research are interviews to get primary data using questionnaires, while secondary data collected using relating literature with this research.Data which collected, arranged according to the objective to be achieved, namely to know the bigness of integrated organic farming income namely difference between the revenue (TR) – total cost of farming (TC) and to formulate appropriate strategies in the development of integrated organic farming using SWOT analysis. From the results of research it is known that: 1. Total income earned on CV GS Organic on April 2019 is Rp19.423.837. 2.Some strategies that can be done in the development of integrated organic farming are: a)increasing the integrated organic farming in a larger scale to meet the needs of consumers and feet up revenue with other farm lobbies as well as applying modern farming techniques that are studied in Australia at CV GS Organic .b) necessary to increase cattle maintenance on the other land which not be cultivated yet on seling purpose. c) necessary cadres forming of labor which understand well about integrated organic farming to manage the garden when the owners of CV GS Organic went out of the region. d) manages the farming that is run by continuing to follow every technology development, increasing the farming of CV GS Organic on agrotourism scale because of the various crops, livestock and fish on conducted farming.