The foundation of the hyperunified field theory I — Fundamental building block and symmetry

Starting from the motional property of functional field based on the action principle of path integral formulation while proposing maximum coherence motion principle and maximum locally entangled-qubits motion principle as guiding principles, we show that such a functional field as fundamental building block appears naturally as an entangled qubit-spinor field expressed by a locally entangled state of qubits. Its motion brings about the appearance of Minkowski space–time with dimension determined by the motion-correlation [Formula: see text]-spin charge and the emergence of [Formula: see text]-spin/hyperspin symmetry as fundamental symmetry. Intrinsic [Formula: see text]-spin charge displays a periodic feature as the mod 4 qubit number, which enables us to classify all entangled qubit-spinor fields and space–time dimensions into four categories with respect to four [Formula: see text]-spin charges [Formula: see text]. An entangled decaqubit-spinor field in 19-dimensional hyper-space–time is found to be a hyperunified qubit-spinor field which unifies all discovered leptons and quarks and brings on the existence of mirror lepton–quark states. The inhomogeneous hyperspin symmetry [Formula: see text] as hyperunified symmetry in association with inhomogeneous Lorentz-type symmetry [Formula: see text] and global scaling symmetry provides a unified fundamental symmetry. The maximum locally entangled-qubits motion principle is shown to lay the foundation of hyperunified field theory, which enables us to comprehend long-standing questions raised in particle physics and quantum field theory.

Statistical properties of linear Majorana fermions

A Majorana fermion is the single fermionic particle that is its own antiparticle. Its dynamics is determined by the Majorana equation, where the spinor field is by definition equal to its charge-conjugate field. In this paper, we investigated Shannon’s entropy of linear Majorana fermions to understand how this quantity is modified due to an external potential of the linear type linear. Subsequently, we turn our attention to the construction of an ensemble of these Majorana particles to study the thermodynamic properties of the model. Finally, we show how Shannon’s entropy and thermodynamic properties are modified under the linear potential action. Keywords: Majorana Fermions; Thermodynamic properties; Shannon’s Entropy.

Fermion localization in braneworld teleparallel f(T, B) gravity

We study a spin 1/2 fermion in a thick braneworld in the context of teleparallel f(T, B) gravity. Here, f(T, B) is such that $$f_1(T,B)=T+k_1B^{n_1}$$ f 1 ( T , B ) = T + k 1 B n 1 and $$f_2(T,B)=B+k_2T^{n_2}$$ f 2 ( T , B ) = B + k 2 T n 2 , where $$n_{1,2}$$ n 1 , 2 and $$k_{1,2}$$ k 1 , 2 are parameters that control the influence of torsion and the boundary term. We assume Yukawa coupling, where one scalar field is coupled to a Dirac spinor field. We show how the $$n_{1,2}$$ n 1 , 2 and $$k_{1,2}$$ k 1 , 2 parameters control the width of the massless Kaluza–Klein mode, the breadth of non-normalized massive fermionic modes and the properties of the analogue quantum-potential near the origin.

Field models

This chapter provides constructions of Lagrangians for various field models and discusses the basic properties of these models. Concrete examples of field models are constructed, including real and complex scalar field models, the sigma model, spinor field models and models of massless and massive free vector fields. In addition, the chapter discusses various interactions between fields, including the interactions of scalars and spinors with the electromagnetic field. A detailed discussion of the Yang-Mills field is given as well.

Gravitational interactions in the Dirac spinor fields and possible structure of local space-time of fermions

In the framework of general relativity, possible effects of the gravitational interactions in the Dirac spinor field are considered. It is shown that these interactions manifest locally as contact spin-spin interaction of the gravitational and spinor fields. This interaction leads to the classical rotation of particles with spin ħ /2. As a result, it leads to appearance of local internal space-time with specific geometric properties for each particle. New effect of an increase of the mass of spinor particles due to this interaction is found. Also, an explanation of the existence of a magnetic moment in Dirac spinor particles as a result of a local electro-spin-spin interaction has been proposed.

Spinor field in a spherically symmetric Friedmann Universe

In recent years spinor field is being used by many authors to address some burning issues of modern cosmology. The motive behind using the spinor field as a source for gravitational field lies on the fact that the spinor field not only can describe the different era of the evolution but also can simulate different substances such as perfect fluid and dark energy. Moreover, the spinor field is very sensitive to the gravitational one and depending on the gravitational field the spinor field can react differently and change the spacetime geometry and the spinor field itself differently. This paper provides a brief description of the nonlinear spinor field in the FriedmannLemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) model. The results are compared in Cartesian and spherical coordinates. It is shown that during the transition from Cartesian coordinates to spherical ones, the energy-momentum tensor acquires additional nonzero non-diagonal components that can impose restrictions on either spinor functions or metric ones.

Model of a spin-1/2 electric charge in F(B2) modified Weyl gravity

Within [Formula: see text] modified Weyl gravity, we consider a model of a spin-[Formula: see text] electric charge consisting of interior and exterior regions. The interior region is determined by quantum gravitational effects whose approximate description is carried out using Weyl gravity nonminimally coupled to a massless Dirac spinor field. The interior region is embedded in exterior Minkowski spacetime, and the joining surface is a two-dimensional torus. It is shown that mass, electric charge, and spin of the object suggested may be the same as those for a real electron.