Analysing Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer or Questioning (LQBTQ) Cyberbullying Using Unsupervised Associative Approach Text Analytics Technique

Cyberbullying has become one of the major threats in our society today due to the massive damage that it can cause not only in the cyber world and the internet-based business but also in the lives of many people. The sole purpose of cyberbullying is to hurt and humiliate someone by posting and sending threats online. However, recognition of cyberbullying has proved to be a hard and challenging task for information technologists. The main objective of this study is to analyze and decode the ambiguity of human language used in cyberbullying Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer or Questioning (LGBTQ) victims and detect patterns and trends from the results to produce meaning and knowledge. This study will utilize an unsupervised associative approach text analysis technique that will be used to extract the relevant information from the unstructured text of cyberbullying messages. Furthermore, cyberbullying incidence patterns will be analyzed based on recognizing relationships and meaning between cyberbullying keywords with other words to generate knowledge discovery. “Fuck” and “Shit” account almost half of all cyberbullying words and appear more that 75 % in the dataset as the most frequently used words. Further, the terms “shit”+“hate”+ “fuck” with a positive lift value and “shit”+ “stupid” positive obtained the highest chance of togetherness / chance of utilizing both of these words to cyber bully. The combination of words / word patterns was considered abusive swearing is always considered rude when it is used to intimidate or humiliate someone. The output and results of this study will contribute to formulating future intervention to combat cyberbullying. Furthermore, the results can be utilized as a model in the development of a cyberbullying detection application based on the text relations / associations of words in the comments, replies, blog discussion and discussion groups across the social networks.

Cyberbullying detection: advanced preprocessing techniques & deep learning architecture for Roman Urdu data

Social media have become a very viable medium for communication, collaboration, exchange of information, knowledge, and ideas. However, due to anonymity preservation, the incidents of hate speech and cyberbullying have been diversified across the globe. This intimidating problem has recently sought the attention of researchers and scholars worldwide and studies have been undertaken to formulate solution strategies for automatic detection of cyberaggression and hate speech, varying from machine learning models with vast features to more complex deep neural network models and different SN platforms. However, the existing research is directed towards mature languages and highlights a huge gap in newly embraced resource poor languages. One such language that has been recently adopted worldwide and more specifically by south Asian countries for communication on social media is Roman Urdu i-e Urdu language written using Roman scripting. To address this research gap, we have performed extensive preprocessing on Roman Urdu microtext. This typically involves formation of Roman Urdu slang- phrase dictionary and mapping slangs after tokenization. We have also eliminated cyberbullying domain specific stop words for dimensionality reduction of corpus. The unstructured data were further processed to handle encoded text formats and metadata/non-linguistic features. Furthermore, we performed extensive experiments by implementing RNN-LSTM, RNN-BiLSTM and CNN models varying epochs executions, model layers and tuning hyperparameters to analyze and uncover cyberbullying textual patterns in Roman Urdu. The efficiency and performance of models were evaluated using different metrics to present the comparative analysis. Results highlight that RNN-LSTM and RNN-BiLSTM performed best and achieved validation accuracy of 85.5 and 85% whereas F1 score was 0.7 and 0.67 respectively over aggression class.

Text Mining for Cyberbullying Detection: a Brazilian Portuguese Evaluation

Bullying and cyberbullying are words commonly seen in today's news. Although the scientific community has evaluated text mining techniques for cyberbullying detection, few studies have targeted Brazilian Portuguese datasets. Our study aims to assess the text mining application to detect cyberbullying messages written in Brazilian Portuguese. We gathered posts and comments from Reddit communities and extracted several text features. We then processed these features using Naïve Bayes and SVM classifiers to uncover cyberbullying activity. The outcomes of this experiment may not be used solo for cyberbullying detection; however, they can aid moderators in prioritizing content reviews and acting faster on real cyberbullying cases.

Cyberbullying Detection: Hybrid Models Based on Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing Techniques

The rise in web and social media interactions has resulted in the efortless proliferation of offensive language and hate speech. Such online harassment, insults, and attacks are commonly termed cyberbullying. The sheer volume of user-generated content has made it challenging to identify such illicit content. Machine learning has wide applications in text classification, and researchers are shifting towards using deep neural networks in detecting cyberbullying due to the several advantages they have over traditional machine learning algorithms. This paper proposes a novel neural network framework with parameter optimization and an algorithmic comparative study of eleven classification methods: four traditional machine learning and seven shallow neural networks on two real world cyberbullying datasets. In addition, this paper also examines the effect of feature extraction and word-embedding-techniques-based natural language processing on algorithmic performance. Key observations from this study show that bidirectional neural networks and attention models provide high classification results. Logistic Regression was observed to be the best among the traditional machine learning classifiers used. Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) demonstrates consistently high accuracies with traditional machine learning techniques. Global Vectors (GloVe) perform better with neural network models. Bi-GRU and Bi-LSTM worked best amongst the neural networks used. The extensive experiments performed on the two datasets establish the importance of this work by comparing eleven classification methods and seven feature extraction techniques. Our proposed shallow neural networks outperform existing state-of-the-art approaches for cyberbullying detection, with accuracy and F1-scores as high as ~95% and ~98%, respectively.

Attention Based Context Boosted Cyberbullying Detection in Social Media

Cyberbullying detection is a rising research topic due to its paramount impact on social media users, especially youngsters and adolescents. While there has been an enormous amount of progress in utilising efficient machine learning and NLP techniques for tackling this task, recent methods have not fully addressed contextualizing the textual content to the highest possible extent. The textual content of social media posts and comments is normally long, noisy and mixed with lots of irrelevant tokens and characters, and therefore utilizing an attention-based approach that can focus on more relevant parts of the text can be quite pertinent. Moreover, social media information is normally multi-modal in nature and may contain various metadata and contextual information that can contribute to enhancing the Cyberbullying prediction system. In this research, we propose a novel machine learning method that, (i) fine tunes a variant of BERT, a deep attention-based language model, which is capable of detecting patterns in long and noisy bodies of text; (ii)~extracts contextual information from multiple sources including metadata information, images and even external knowledge sources and uses these features to complement the learner model; and (iii) efficiently combines textual and contextual features using boosting and a wide-and-deep architecture. We compare our proposed method with state-of-the-art methods and highlight how our approach significantly outperforming the quality of results compared to those methods in most cases.

Proactively Discouraging Cyberbullying Activities

Research into cyberbullying detection has increased in recent years, due in part to the proliferation of cyberbullying across social media and its detrimental effect on young people. Cyber bullying is one of the most common problems faced by the internet users making internet a vulnerable space hence there has to be some detection that is needed on the social media platforms. Detecting the bullies online at the earliest makes sure that these platforms are safer for the user and internet indeed becomes a platform to share information and use it for other leisure activities. Even though there has been some research going on implementing detection and prevention of cyber bullying, it is not completely feasible due to certain limitations imposed. In this paper lexicon-based approach of the NLTK sentiwordnetis used to differentiate the positive and negative words and produce results. These words are given negative and positive values greater than or less than zero for positive and negative words respectively. Lexicon based systems utilize word lists and use the presence of words within the lists to detect cyberbullying. Lemmatization is used to find the root word. This paper essentially maps out the state-of-the-art in cyberbullying detection research and serves as a resource for researchers to determine where to best direct their future research efforts in thisfield. Keywords: Abuse and crime involving computers, natural language processing, sentiment analysis, social networking

A Multichannel Deep Learning Framework for Cyberbullying Detection on Social Media

Online social networks (OSNs) play an integral role in facilitating social interaction; however, these social networks increase antisocial behavior, such as cyberbullying, hate speech, and trolling. Aggression or hate speech that takes place through short message service (SMS) or the Internet (e.g., in social media platforms) is known as cyberbullying. Therefore, automatic detection utilizing natural language processing (NLP) is a necessary first step that helps prevent cyberbullying. This research proposes an automatic cyberbullying method to detect aggressive behavior using a consolidated deep learning model. This technique utilizes multichannel deep learning based on three models, namely, the bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU), transformer block, and convolutional neural network (CNN), to classify Twitter comments into two categories: aggressive and not aggressive. Three well-known hate speech datasets were combined to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The proposed method achieved promising results. The accuracy of the proposed method was approximately 88%.