Development and assessment of a low-health-literacy, pictographic adrenal insufficiency action plan

Objectives Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is an overall rare disorder characterized by the chronic need for pharmacotherapy to prevent threat to life. The Pediatric Endocrine Society has recommended the use of clinical action tools to improve patient education and help guide acute management of AI. We aimed to develop and assess an easy-to-use, patient-friendly, evidence-based, personalized pictogram-based adrenal insufficiency action plan (AIAP) to aid in the management of AI in children. Methods Patients/caregivers (P/Cs) responded to surveys which measured the concepts of transparency, translucency, and recall in order to assess the pictograms. Readability was assessed using six formulas to generate a composite readability score. Quality was graded by P/Cs using the Consumer Information Rating Form (CIRF) (>80% rating considered acceptable). Understandability and actionability was assessed by medical librarians using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool-Printable (PEMAT-P) (>80% rating was acceptable). Suitability was evaluated by clinicians using the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) instrument (>70% rating considered superior). Results All pictograms met criteria for inclusion in the AIAP. Composite readability score=5.4 was consistent with a fifth-grade level. P/Cs (n=120) judged the AIAP to be of high quality with CIRF rating=85.2%. Three medical librarians rated the AIAP to have 100% understandability and 100% actionability. Thirty-three clinicians completing the SAM generated a suitability rating of 90.0%. Conclusions The AIAP visually highlights individualized care plan components to facilitate optimized preventative and acute AI care. Further investigation will determine if AIAP improves clinical outcomes for patients with AI.

Readability and Understandability Scores for Snippet Assessment: an Exploratory Study

Code search engines usually use readability feature to rank code snippets. There are several metrics to calculate this feature, but developers may have different perceptions about readability. Correlation between readability and understandability features has already been proposed, i.e., developers need to read and comprehend the code snippet syntax, but also understand the semantics. This work investigate scores for understandability and readability features, under the perspective of the possible subjective perception of code snippet comprehension. We find that code snippets with higher readability score has better comprehension than lower ones. The understandability score presents better comprehension in specific situations, e.g. nested loops or if-else chains. The developers also mentioned writability aspects as the principal characteristic to evaluate code snippets comprehension. These results provide insights for future works in code comprehension score optimization.

Applying a Digital Health Checklist and Readability Tools to Improve Informed Consent for Digital Health Research

Background: As research involving human participants increasingly occurs with the aid of digital tools (e.g., mobile apps, wearable and remote pervasive sensors), the consent content and delivery process is changing. Informed consent documents to participate in research are lengthy and difficult for prospective participants to read and understand. As the consent communication will need to include concepts and procedures unique to digital health research, making that information accessible and meaningful to the prospective participant is critical for consent to be informed. This paper describes a methodology that researchers can apply when developing a consent communication for digital health research.Methods: A consent document approved by a US institutional review board was deconstructed into segments that aligned with federal requirements for informed consent. Three researchers independently revised each segment of text with a goal of achieving a readability score between a 6–8th grade level. The team then consulted with an external readability expert well-versed in revising informed consent documents into “plain language.” The resulting text was evaluated using Microsoft Word and Online-Utility accessibility software. The final step involved adding visual images and graphics to complement the text. The Digital Health Checklist consent prototype builder was then used to identify areas where the consent content could be expanded to address four key domains of Access and Usability, Privacy, Risks and Benefits, and Data Management.Results: The approved consent was evaluated at a 12.6 grade reading level, whereas the revised language by our study team received 12.4, 12, and 12.58, respectively. The final consent document synthesized the most readable of the three revised versions and was further revised to include language recommended by the software tool for improving readability, which resulted in a final revised consent readability score of a 9.2 grade level. Moreover, word count was reduced from 6,424 in the original consent to 679 in the rewritten consent form.Conclusion: Utilizing an iterative process to design an accessible informed consent document is a first step in achieving meaningful consent to participate in digital health research. This paper describes how a consent form approved by an institutional review board can be made more accessible to a prospective research participant by improving the document readability score, reducing the word count and assessing alignment with the Digital Health Checklist.

Readability of Articles in Journal of Religious and Socio-cultural Studies

Although the research on the readability of particular text has been extensively undertaken, little research applied to article journals. This study attempts to analyze the readability of religious and socio-cultural articles published in the Wawasan Journal. It is crucial to analyze it to prepare the journal indexed by Scopus at the international level and Sinta 1 at the national level. This study adopted the mixed method, quantitative to count the readability score, and qualitative to describe the readability score. Data were collected from three issues: Volume 4, no 1 (2019), Volume 4, no 2 (2019), and Volume 5, no 1 (2020) because the journal uses English in those issues. Then, a test was undertaken by use of online software https://readabilityformulas.com on the texts of each article. The readability formulas are FKGL, CLI, SMOG, ARI, and LWF. The result shows that most articles of Wawasan Journal are appropriate with the targeted readers: college, college graduate, and college graduate and above. Nevertheless, many articles are still regarded as suitable for the lower level, namely school grade level. Based on the readability score average of three issues is relatively stable. Due to FKGL, CLI, SMOG, and ARI formulas, the three issues are appropriate at college level. Meanwhile, those are appropriate with college graduates and above based on LWF. It is still found inappropriate text with targeted readers, the researchers suggest that the editorial board need to check not only its originality and grammar but also the readability score of the proposed article.

A SYNTACTIC-BASED SENTENCE VALIDATION TECHNIQUE FOR MALAY TEXT SUMMARIZER

In the Automatic Text Summarization domain, a Sentence Compression (SC) technique is applied to the summary sentence to remove unnecessary words or phrases. The purpose of SC is to preserve the important information in the sentence and to remove the unnecessary ones without sacrificing the sentence's grammar. The existing development of Malay Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools is still under study with limited open access. The issue is the lack of a benchmark dataset in the Malay language to evaluate the quality of the summaries and to validate the compressed sentence produced by the summarizer model. Hence, our paper outlines a Syntactic-based Sentence Validation technique for Malay sentences by referring to the Malay Grammar Pattern. In this work, we propose a new derivation set of Syntactic Rules based on the Malay main Word Class to validate a Malay sentence that undergoes the SC procedure. We experimented using the Malay dataset of 100 new articles covering the Natural Disaster and Events domain to find the optimal compression rate and its effect on the summary content. An automatic evaluation using ROUGE (Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation) produced a result with an average F-measure of 0.5826 and an average Recall value of 0.5925 with an optimum compression rate of 0.5 Confidence Conf value. Furthermore, a manual summary evaluation by a group of Malay experts on the grammaticality of the compressed summary sentence produced a good result of 4.11 and a readability score of 4.12 out of 5. This depicts the reliability of the proposed technique to validate the Malay sentence with promising summary content and readability results.

The Readability of Patient Education Materials Pertaining to Gastrointestinal Procedures

Introduction. Due to the ubiquity and ease of access of Internet, patients are able to access online health information more easily than ever. The American Medical Association recommends that patient education materials be targeted at or below the 6th grade level in order to accommodate a wider audience. In this study, we evaluate the difficulty of educational materials pertaining to common GI procedures; we analyze on the readability of online education materials for colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Methods. Google search was performed using keywords of “colonoscopy,” “sigmoidoscopy,” and “EGD” with “patient information” at the end of each search term. The texts from a total of 18 studies, 6 for each of the procedures, were then saved. Each study was also subdivided into “Introduction,” “Preparation,” “Complications,” and if available, “Alternatives.” Furthermore, medical terminology that was properly explained, proper nouns, medication names, and other copyright text were removed in order to prevent inflation of the difficulty. Five validated readability tests were used to analyze each study and subsections: Coleman-Liau, New Dale-Chall, Flesch-Kincaid, Gunning Fog, SMOG. Results. Studies on colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and EGD had median readability grades of 9.7, 10.2, and 11.0, respectively. Analysis of the subsections revealed that the “Alternative” subsection was the most difficult to comprehend with a readability score of 11.4, whereas the “Introduction” subsection was the easiest to comprehend with a readability score of 9.5. Conclusion. Despite modifications to the studies that improved the readability scores, patient education materials were still significantly above the recommended 6th grade level across all websites. This study emphasizes that clear and simple language is warranted in order to create information that is suitable for most patients.

Which Resources Are Better: Sales or Scholarly? An Assessment on the Readability, Quality, and Technical Features of Online Chemical Peel Websites

Background Chemical peels are an exceedingly popular cosmetic treatment with a wide variety of suppliers, each with their own online health resource describing the procedure. With increasing reliance on the internet for medical information, it is crucial these resources provide reliable information for patients to make informed decisions. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine popular chemical peel resources and determine if those that offered chemical peel treatments (Sales) had lower readability, quality of information, and technical features compared to those that did not (Scholarly). Methods The term “chemical peel” was searched on July 2020 and the top 50 websites were retrieved for analysis. Each resource’s readability, quality, and technical features were measured through eight readability formulas, the DISCERN and Health on the Net Code (HONcode), and two website performance monitors. Results The 50 websites were analyzed with an average Fry readability score of 13th grade. Scholarly websites displayed higher readability than Sales (Flesch Reading Ease 54.4 > 47.4, P = 0.047 and Coleman-Liau Index 10.6 < 11.7, P = 0.04). Scholarly resources surpassed Sales both in quality (DISCERN 56.4 > 39.7, P < 0.001 and HONcode 11.8 > 9.5, P = 0.032) and technical features (WooRank 76.9 > 68.6, P = 0.0082). Conclusions The average readability of chemical peel resources is too difficult, and their quality must be improved. Scholarly resources exhibited higher readability, quality, and technical features than Sales websites.

Assessing the Readability of Covid-19 Testing Messages on the Internet

The COVID-19 pandemic first became evident at the end of 2019, and because of the many unknown aspects of this emerging infectious disease, the internet quickly became a source of information for consumers. It is important for any vital information to be written unambiguously, and at a level that can be understood by all people regardless of education levels. The purpose of this study was to assess the readability of 50 sources of COVID19 testing information online. Only 6 websites out of 50 received an appropriate readability score on more than one assessment. One-sample, one-tailed t-tests (α = 0.05, df = 49) were used to see if the websites with information on COVID-19 testing are being written at appropriate reading levels. The resulting p-values indicate that each p-value recorded is substantially below 0.05, it is very unlikely that websites on this topic are being written at the recommended levels. Even the optimal messages on COVID-19 reflect a confusing and rapidly changing public health crisis, however if messages are kept simple and clear, individuals will have the best possible chance of optimizing behavioral mitigation strategies. These are compelling reasons for informational hosts to take necessary steps to ensure that messages are written in as simple terms as possible. To this end, it is suggested that internet sites dispersing COVID-19 testing information build in text analysis methods for all published messages, particularly those meant to inform best health practices in the time of a pandemic.

Translation Technique of “Red Herring” as a Conversation Topic Change in Big Little Lies Novel by Liane Moriarty

Through this paper, the authors expose “Red Herring” as a kind of logical fallacy used to change conversation topic caused by sensitive topics that attack someone’s face. The authors choose qualitative research design since format data is presented by words. Thus, the utterances in Big Little Lies novel by Liane Moriarty are selected as data. To collect the data, the authors applied a documentary study which covers document analysis and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). FGD is done by raters who have capability of translation studies and linguistics whose role is to recognize translation technique and assess translation qualities as well. There are 10 translation techniques that are used for “Red Herring.” Moreover, after the calculation, the results for translation qualities are as follows 2.96 (accuracy), 2.88 (acceptability), and 2.92 (readability). The translation technique that affects Red Herring’s quality score of accuracy is literal. Meanwhile, borrowing translation technique affects the acceptability and readability score. Although there are translation aspects whose scores are reduced due to translation techniques, its quality is still relatively good. It is because of the majority of translation techniques which are used do not have this impact.

A-229 Is the Multitude Proficiently Able to Elucidate the Imperative Substance and Subsequently Able to Identify the Applicable Inferential Material to Adequately Utilize Assessments: Can People Read and Understand our Reports?

Objective Many U.S. adults read at an eighth-grade level (Safeer, R., 2005). Thus, neuropsychological reports’ technical language might present a challenge for average readers. However, there are no professional guidelines on report readability and little formal research on the topic. Hence, the study’s objective was to investigate the average readability of psychological and neuropsychological reports from a local university clinic and to provide suggestions for improving the readability of reports. Method 73 psychological reports and 34 neuropsychological reports were analyzed using the readability feature in Microsoft Word. This feature provides two outcomes of interest: the Flesch Reading Ease score (a 100-point scale with higher numbers indicating easier readability) and the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level Score (which provides a U.S. grade-level equivalence). Documents are considered readable with a reading ease score of 60 and a grade level score of 8.0. The average and range of scores for each report type were calculated. Results In general, psychological reports were written at a 13.2 (12–14.8) grade level, with a readability score of 34.3 (24.2–41.4). Neuropsychological reports were written at a 12.6 (11.2–14.5) grade level, with a readability score of 36.3 (25.5–42.7). Conclusion(s) The reports reviewed are functionally unreadable to many in the general public, which has important implications for clinical practice. This could be addressed by altering the reading level at which reports are written, including “plain-language” inserts, or altering specific parts of reports that have the most relevance to clients (e.g. summary and recommendations) to increase comprehension. Feedback on these ideas will be garnered at the poster.