On Fundamentality of Heat

Motivated by the well-known contradiction of special relativity and the heat equation, a wave equation for temperature scalar field is presented that also resolves the old controversy of (Lorentz) transformation of temperature and entropy. After showing that the current dogma of temperature and entropy being emergent concepts is based on but a logical fallacy, it is proposed that single particles posses entropy. This principle of fundamentality of entropy is then shown to be compatible with the equipartition theorem by yielding corrections in the quantum gravity regime.

Logical Fallacy Argumentation on Testimonials on Homeshopping Television Show

The decision to purchase a product is inseparable from the buyer's trust in a product. Testimonials are a tool for marketers to eliminate consumer barriers about the product to be purchased. Testimonials on home shopping television products tend to be controllable. The selection of sources, the use of scripts, and the editing process can be a form of media control over the information received by the public. This study focus on analyzing testimonials from the logical side of the testimony content. The method used to analyze this logical fallacy is qualitative content analysis. The text is separated using Toulmin's model into three parts, namely claim, ground, and warrant. This research uses a logical fallacy as a tool to evaluate the logic of the testimony in terms of content. The results of this study found that there was a logical fallacy in the testimony content. The fallacies include generalization fallacy, fallacy fallacies, fallacy of composition, appeal to wealth fallacy, appeal to pity, dan appeal to force.

The myth of visual “depth cues” II. “Occlusion”

It is standard textbook practice to refer to “occlusion” as one of the so-called a depth-cues. However, perceived occluding relationships are a consequence of the perceptual organization of the retinal point stimulation – which contains no occluded surfaces. The perception of “occlusion” always involves amodal completion of areas perceived as partially occluded. Shapes, occlusions, and relative depth relationships are all descriptions of the percept. To treat one aspect of this percept as prior to other aspects is a logical fallacy linked to a failure to distinguish between the percept and the real world, and to a preference for adopting simple, pseudo-explanations of perceptual phenomena instead of tackling the difficult problems entailed in explaining perceptual organization.

On the Influence of Religious Assumptions in Statistical Methods Used in Science

For several centuries, statistical testing has been used to support evolutionary theories. Given the diverse origins and applications of these tests, it is remarkable how consistent they are. One common theme among these tests is that they appear to be founded on the logical fallacy of a false dichotomy. Is this true? It would be somewhat surprising if such diverse and historically important works are all guilty of the same naïve fallacy. Here, I explore these works and their historical context. I demonstrate that they are not logically fallacious, but instead incorporate and require a religious assumption about how a Creator would act. I conclude that this religious assumption and its influence on science should be considered in models of the interaction between science and religion.

Translation Technique of “Red Herring” as a Conversation Topic Change in Big Little Lies Novel by Liane Moriarty

Through this paper, the authors expose “Red Herring” as a kind of logical fallacy used to change conversation topic caused by sensitive topics that attack someone’s face. The authors choose qualitative research design since format data is presented by words. Thus, the utterances in Big Little Lies novel by Liane Moriarty are selected as data. To collect the data, the authors applied a documentary study which covers document analysis and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). FGD is done by raters who have capability of translation studies and linguistics whose role is to recognize translation technique and assess translation qualities as well. There are 10 translation techniques that are used for “Red Herring.” Moreover, after the calculation, the results for translation qualities are as follows 2.96 (accuracy), 2.88 (acceptability), and 2.92 (readability). The translation technique that affects Red Herring’s quality score of accuracy is literal. Meanwhile, borrowing translation technique affects the acceptability and readability score. Although there are translation aspects whose scores are reduced due to translation techniques, its quality is still relatively good. It is because of the majority of translation techniques which are used do not have this impact.

Verbal borrowability and turnover rates

Conventional wisdom holds that verbs are more difficult to borrow than nouns. Recent studies have supported this claim, inferring it from the fact that synchronically almost every language studied contains a larger proportion of identifiable borrowings among nouns than among verbs. In this paper, I demonstrate that, while true, there is a logical fallacy in this inference. Using a large diachronic corpus of Russian texts, I show that verbs have lower turnover rates and, consequently, longer life expectancies than nouns, i.e., they are generally more difficult to replace. I argue that this fact alone could theoretically result in the synchronically observed disparities. The hypothesis of cross-linguistically lower verbal turnover rates, which I propose based on these findings, is difficult to verify directly on a large sample of languages. However, it makes a non-trivial prediction, which can be tested more easily. It predicts that if a contact situation lasted for a while, but ceased to exist several centuries ago, the proportion of verbs borrowed during that period and surviving to the present day may equal or exceed the proportion of such borrowings among nouns. The data found in the World Loanword Database (Haspelmath & Tadmor 2009) are consistent with this prediction, thus providing evidence in favor of the hypothesis.

Menamai Sang Nama: Polemik Nama YHWH-Allah

The focus of this paper is about the polemic that occurred around the use of the names Yahweh and God in Christianity. The name Yahweh is claimed by The Sacred Name Movement as the only name of the LORD to be believed and mentioned by believers. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine this view and find out whether the mention of the name of God that used in both the Bible and worship is wrong and Christianity must re-use the name Yahweh. Using qualitative methods sourced from literature studies, authors make the critical but evaluative studies by examining hermeneutically and collecting data from various sources of literature. As a result, researcher concludes that Christianity is not antipathic to the use of the name Yahweh but stating that mentioning and using the name Yahweh will affect on the salvation of someone is an absurd assumption and a logical fallacy. Keywords: God, the sacred name movement, tetragrammaton, Yudaism Abstrak-Fokus dari tulisan ini adalah mengenai polemik yang terjadi di seputar penggunaan nama Yahweh dan Allah dalam kekristenan. Nama Yahweh diklaim oleh kelompok Gerekan Nama Suci sebagai satu-satunya nama TUHAN yang harus diimani dan disebut oleh orang percaya. Karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pandangan tersebut dan menemukan apakah sebutan Allah yang digunakan baik di dalam Alkitab maupun ibadah adalah sebutan yang keliru dan dengan demikian kekristenan harus kembali menggunakan nama Yahweh. Menggunakan metode kualitatif yang bersumber dari studi literatur, penulis membuat kajian yang bersifat kritis namun evaluatif dengan meneliti secara hermeneutis maupun mengumpulkan data dari berbagai sumber kepustakaan. Hasilnya, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa kekristenan tidak bersikap antipati terhadap penggunaan nama Yahweh tetapi dengan menyatakan bahwa menyebut dan menggunakan nama Yahweh akan memengaruhi keselamatan seseorang merupakan asumsi yang absurd dan cacat logika. Kata Kunci: Allah, gerakan nama suci, tetragramaton, Yudaisme

Thorndike’s Credo: Metaphysics in psychometrics

Endorsing a priori the conviction that any science worthy of the name must measure the attributes it investigates, psychometricians adopted a metaphysical paradigm (without acknowledging it as such) to secure its claim that mental tests measure psychological attributes, a claim that was threatened by the inadequacy of test data to secure it. The fundamental axiom of this paradigm was Thorndike’s Credo (“All that exists, exists in some amount and can be measured”; 1918, p. 16), which entails its central lemma, the psychometrician’s fallacy (“All ordered attributes are quantitative”; Michell, 2009, p. 41), and which, in turn, supplies psychometrics’ primary methodological principle (“interval scales can be derived from ordinal data”). Logically, this framework is flawed at every level: Thorndike’s Credo is metaphysical overreach; the psychometrician’s fallacy is just that—a logical fallacy; and their primary methodological principle, a prioristic thinking.

The Importance of Seeing Correctly

One of Bailey's early essays shows his desire to bring scientific training to gardening, arguing for the importance of correct observation to our experiences of everyday phenomena. He offers a humorous anecdote regarding the logical fallacy, "Post hoc ergo propter hoc" (Latin: "after this, therefore because of this"), in which a family cat is buried near a gooseberry bush and is falsely credited with causing hair to grow on the berries.