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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren McCauley ◽  
Rebecca Grant ◽  
Evance Mwathunga

Abstract Addressing energy provision and access in Sub-Saharan Africa is a key global challenge. This paper builds a deep understanding of how fair and just energy policies and realties are in this context. It qualitatively assesses the perceptions of stakeholders in Malawi, where electricity access remains amongst the lowest in the region. Insufficient and unreliable systems of grid energy generation and distribution limit access to electricity in both urban and rural settings. Using wood fuel remains high for meeting cooking, heating, and lighting needs. Responding to these dual challenges, of lacking electricity access and ongoing wood fuel use, must be rooted in notions of equity, fairness, and justice. This paper argues that energy justice provides key insights into how best to respond to complex and interconnected issues of energy generation and access in low-income settings. Drawing on interviews with key stakeholders in policy and Malawi on addressing these challenges, this paper also outlines recommendations for policy. Overall, a just response to these energy challenges is possible, but only if it is built on local inclusive governance with fairer and effective systems of investment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1478-1491
Author(s):  
Debora J Mahushi ◽  
Revocatus L Machunda ◽  
Talam E Kibona

Satellite images for the years 1987, 1997, 2002 and 2017, and questionnaire surveys were used to assess energy sources and demands as well as the impacts of wood fuel use to forest cover changes in Meru and Mwanga Districts. The major energy sources identified in the study areas include cow dung cake, firewood, charcoal, biogas, and liquefied petroleum gas. The total energy demands from these sources were 1400, 6289, 724 and 21 kg per day, respectively. Analysis from Landsat images showed variations in forest cover. The areas covered with forests in Meru District were found to be 1510, 1723, 1612 and 1327 ha for 1987, 1997, 2002 and 2017, respectively. The changes observed in Mwanga District were 31705, 31988, 17939 and 30960 ha for 1987, 1997, 2002 and 2017, respectively. From the findings it was observed that, the ongoing use of wood fuel in semi-arid areas of Meru and Mwanga Districts could deplete forests completely. The study concludes that charcoal and firewood consumptions are real threats to the long-term persistence of forests in Tanzania and proposes the use of renewable energy such as biogas for alleviating forest losses. Keywords: Biogas, energy sources, Satellite images


2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Mukuka Mpundu Mulenga ◽  
Anders Roos

Wood fuel, charcoal, and firewood comprise over 70 percent of the national energy consumption in Zambia, as only about 25 percent of the population has access to electricity. Replacing charcoal braziers with cookstoves using sawdust pellets can support sustainable energy provision in urban Zambia while reducing deforestation on the countryside. However, acceptability of pellet cookstoves remains low, while the demand for wood fuel is increasing. The study investigated the acceptability of pellet cookstoves, in view of governmental policies, in the Matero-George compound, Lusaka. Qualitative approaches were applied, and respondents were households, and officers at the Departments of Energy and Forestry, and at Lusaka City Council. Factors shaping the stoves’ acceptability included their convenience, possibility of reusing pellets, their long-term cost advantages, and the perceived health benefits of pellets. The barriers included limited supply of pellets, combustible pellet cookstoves, stove size, maintenance costs, cooking traditions, and government policies for dissemination, sensitisation, and communication about pellet stoves. This study demonstrated that implementation of pellet cookstoves at the local level depends on a multitude of contextual factors, and confirms the need for relevant policy instruments if such energy consumption is to be accepted.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 853-860
Author(s):  
Nishu ◽  
Raj Kumar Rampal

Indoor pollution is more harmful as people spend more than 90% of their time indoors getting enhanced chances of penetrating aerosols (PM2.5) deeply into the lungs. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study seasonal variations of indoor aerosols (PM2.5) in urban households of Jammu(J&K). in the northern region of India. The status of indoor aerosols (PM2.5) and their seasonal variations due to temperature and humidity conditions have been studied for the first time in urban households of Jammu (J&K). The two year study period (2017-2019.) revealed that all types of households of urban areas with non-wood fuel  as well as wood fuel burning practices exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher values of indoor PM 2.5 during summer season (74.36 µg/m3  and 156.46 µg/m3 ) followed by winter season (62.77 µg/m3   and 143.5µg/m3 ) and lower values during the rainy season (58.47 µg/m3 and 132.52 µg/m3 ). All these values were observed to be above the CPCB prescribed annual limit of 40 µg/m3, thereby exposing the residents to diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.  The data generated in the present study will act as baseline data for future studies pertaining to indoor aerosols (PM2.5) as well as suggesting mitigation measures.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Ratko Čomić ◽  
Branko Dragoš Glavonjić ◽  
Nemanja Duško Anikić ◽  
Mersudin Hamid Avdibegović

Analysis of the consumption of wood energy from wood-based fuels in households in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was the main purpose of this paper. A survey on wood fuel consumption was first conducted using the Wood fuel Integrated Supply/Demand Overview Mapping (WISDOM) methodology of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN). These results were compared to the results published by official statistics. The survey was conducted in ten cantons in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely in 5,475 households, 2,669 urban and 2,806 other households. The results of the research showed that wood fuels were used in 516,334 or 71.59% of the total number of households. Firewood was used in 497,139 households or in 96.28% in relation to the total number of households in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina that used wood fuels. The surrounding countries showed similar trends. The estimated consumption of firewood in households using the WISDOM methodology is 4.10 (when compared to the official statistical data on total felled timber in and outside public and private forests) to 4.93 times higher than the official statistical data (when compared to the official statistical data on the sale of firewood in state forests), i.e. 4.52 times higher in average. This research indicates the need to apply a new methodological approach for the collection and analysis of data on the consumption of wood fuels in households for energy purposes. Some of the shortcomings of the existing official statistics are the neglect of statistically unregistered production of firewood from private forests and from areas not categorized as forests and forest land, as well as incomplete coverage in terms of conducting a survey on consumption of all categories of wood fuels and all major consumer categories. All the aforementioned, in addition to the economic consequences, has a negative impact on the fulfilment of commitments arising from international agreements in terms of the share of energy from renewable sources and greenhouse gas emissions in total energy consumption in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition, incomplete knowledge of the realistic supply and consumption of wood fuels can affect the reliability of planning documents in forestry, with many negative consequences for sustainability of a complex forest ecosystem.


Author(s):  
Ginta Cimdina ◽  
Andra Blumberga ◽  
Ivars Veidenbergs ◽  
Dagnija Blumberga ◽  
Aiga Barisa

The paper analyzes strategies for restricting Latvia’s dependence on fossil fuel imports in line with an increasing challenge to follow the leading EU Member States in greening the energy sector. Availability of local biomass resources ensures the necessary framework for building an arranged, environmentally and climate-friendly economy. Primary attention is paid to historical pattern of wood fuel use which shows reduction in wood fuel’s share of primary energy consumption, however energy efficiency improvement is not observed. A hypothesis for development of wood fuel consumption up to 2020 is proposed. Analysis indicates potential of reaching a 43% share of wood fuel in national energy mix by 2020.


Energy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 119501
Author(s):  
Vytautas Dagilis ◽  
Žilvinas Uldinskas ◽  
Liutauras Vaitkus ◽  
Hussam Jouhara ◽  
Robertas Poškas
Keyword(s):  

Indoor Air ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan S. Walker ◽  
Curtis W. Noonan ◽  
Erin O. Semmens ◽  
Desirae Ware ◽  
Paul Smith ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Dwi Sukowati ◽  
Dwi Yanuar Budi Prasetyo ◽  
Triat Adi Yuwono

This study aims to analyze the sensory quality of smoked fish using mixed briquette fuel (teak leaves and corncob charcoal) with 5% and 10% adhesives with smoked fish using wood fuel. The wood used for comparison is ruby (soft texture) and mahogany (hard texture). Sensory analysis in this study emphasizes the appearances, colors, smells, tastes and textures of smoked fish. To determine whether there is a significant difference or not of the four treatments on the results of smoking fish,this study use Analysis of Varians (Anova). The results showed that there were significant differences between the four methods of feeding fish using briquette and wood fuel on appearances, colors, smells and textures. The appearance, color and aroma that dominate the specifications of other smoked fish are smoked fish with 10% adhesive briquette fuel treatment. The texture of smoked fish with mahogany wood fuel shows better specifications than asp fish with other treatments. Because there is a significant difference, a further test is carried out using BNJ Test. BNJ Test must be done to find out the distinguishing relationship between samples.  Whereas in the taste test, there was no significant difference from the treatments


2021 ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
B.G. BURYNDIN ◽  
◽  
A.V. ARTYOMOV ◽  
A.V. SAVINOVSKIH ◽  
◽  
...  
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