Land as an Object of Land Relations: Constitutional and Legal Aspect

The article examines constitutional and legal problems of the study of the object composition of land relations. Analysis of scientific views in the national legal doctrine on interpreting the meaning of the term “land” is carried out. It is concluded that the basic principles of land relations are declared in the Constitution of Ukraine, and their analysis enables us to argue that a land is a unique object of legal relations. In the Constitution of Ukraine, the term “land” is used in several meanings, namely as the object of property rights of the Ukrainian people; the object of property rights of citizens, legal entities and the state; the object of the law of the territorial community; the object of special protection by the state. Thus, land relations have a particular subject and object composition. The specific features of the land as an object of legal relations declared in the Constitution of Ukraine determine the content of land relations.

The Civil Code of Ukraine – A Reliable Regulator of Civil Relations in Civil Society

This article is a study of the Civil Code of Ukraine as the main regulator of civil relations in civil society. The history of adoption of the Civil Code of Ukraine and its conceptual foundations were reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the problem of dualism of private law in Ukraine. The structure and content of the Civil Code of Ukraine were analysed. Attention is also paid to the main novelties of the Civil Code of Ukraine. The principal rules for the regulation of legal entities were analysed. Novelties in defining the object composition of civil legal relations are considered. Particular attention is paid to the main directions of modern scientific research in the field of the civil law of Ukraine. The study confirms the urgent need for a thorough recodification of the Ukrainian civil law, with mandatory consideration of the experience of the implementation of modern recodifications in many European countries.

Banditry (article 257 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), robbery (article 187 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), extortion (article 189 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and problems of the relationship between these crimes

This paper examines the relationship between banditry, robbery committed by an organized, armed group of people and extortion, and the main normative sources of domestic legislation. In addition, official statistics provided to the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine were examined to assess the prevalence and risk of banditry. The author analyzes the features of the corpus delicti, their qualifications, and problematic issues in the application of this knowledge in the practice of law enforcement and judicial authorities. The articles cover certain aspects of robbery, such as burglary and violence or the threat of intrusion. Particular attention is paid to the main features of the gang, namely: the number of subjects of the crime; stability; armament; the general purpose of the group members; way of committing a crime. Parallels were drawn between banditry and robbery, especially in terms of armaments, distribution of tasks between accomplices, their relationship, subordination and provision of a plan for further criminal activity. In distinguishing between robbery and extortion, a characteristic difference was established in the time limits of violence or the threat of its use: in robbery, they are aimed at taking possession of property immediately at the time of their use; in extortion: actions that involve violence or the threat of its use, aimed at obtaining property, as well as the requirement to transfer property, combined with the threat to use violence against the victim or his close relatives in the future. Also the actions which are offered for qualification in actions of the person of signs of investigated structures of crimes are defined. The types of damage caused to victims are analyzed. Based on the study, the author concludes that banditry, robbery and extortion are different in their criminal law nature of crimes, which have their own unique features and differ significantly in the objects of encroachment, the objective parties, somewhat coinciding only object composition and subjective side.

Specificity and elements of the mechanism of budget monitoring in the current conditions of the Russian Federation

The current situation of the Russian financial system is far from being stable, and is constantly exposed to risks, many of which pose a threat to its security. Overcoming these circumstances is impossible without reforming the mechanism of budget monitoring and treasury support in the country as the innovative instruments, the implementation which in the Russia Federation is at the nascent stage. The goal of this article consists in the analysis of the concept of “budget monitoring”, and determination of its elements in the current conditions. The subject of this research is the financial relations emerging in the course of establishment of budget monitoring in Russia. For achieving the set goal, the author employs the general scientific methods of dialectical, comparative-systemic, and structural-layered analysis. The information framework is comprised of the normative legal financial documents of the Russian Federation and periodical publications of the national economists. The author reveals the ambiguity of approaches towards discerning the content of budget monitoring in the Russian science and practice. The author carries out the original systematization of the elements of budget monitoring (target component, subject-object composition, stages, methods, etc.). The article determines the role of treasury support, as well as outlines the key vectors of its modernization with consideration of the recent legislative innovations along with the gaps and difficulties occurring in practice. The acquired results are valuable for the financial authorities, as well as for researchers, pedagogues, master’s students, and postgraduates majoring in the budgeting process.

Spatial Abilities for Architecture: Cross Sectional and Longitudinal Assessment With Novel and Existing Spatial Ability Tests

This study examined individual differences in spatial abilities of architecture students. Students at different educational levels were assessed on spatial ability tests that varied in their domain-specificity to architecture, with the hypothesis that larger differences between beginner and advanced students will emerge on more domain-specific tests. We also investigated gender differences in test performance and controlled for general reasoning ability across analyses. In a cross sectional study, master students (N = 91) outperformed beginners (N = 502) on two novel tests involving perspective taking and object composition, as well as on a standardized visualization of cross-sections test, but not on a standardized mental rotations test. Longitudinally (N = 117), spatial performance improved after the first bachelor year on visualization of cross-sections, object composition and mental rotation. Although both genders showed higher spatial test performance with increased experience, male students outperformed females across tests and levels of education. The results overall confirmed improvements in spatial performance during architecture studies, with partial support for the domain-specificity hypothesis. A gender gap among advanced students calls for further examining architecture-specific spatial thinking.

Constitutional and legal responsibility of the President of Ukraine: problems of conceptualization and institutionalization

The article deals with general theoretical and constitutional-legal issues of the formation and implementation of the constitutional-legal responsibility of the President of Ukraine. The relationship between the institution of constitutional and legal responsibility of the President of Ukraine and the problems of implementation of the Constitution and constitutional legislation, the formation of constitutionalism and the implementation of constitutional reform in Ukraine is investigated. The article analyzes modern legislative initiatives in the field of regulation of the institution of impeachment of the President of Ukraine. It is concluded that the correct understanding of the essential and functional-teleological characteristics of the constitutional and legal responsibility of the President of Ukraine depends on its functionality and efficiency. In general, positively assessing the adoption of a special Law of Ukraine "On the special procedure for removal of the President of Ukraine from office (impeachment)", we can conclude that it legalized for the first time at the legislative level the institution of constitutional and legal responsibility (by defining the concept of constitutional responsibility) and some legal features, principles, functions, features of the subject-object composition, revealing its essence and content as a type of legal responsibility, purpose in society and the state, as well as its place in the system of protection of the Constitution and constitutional order. On the other hand, attention should be paid to the overly complicated impeachment procedure, which in fact makes it impossible to implement the appropriate form of constitutional liability in practice. The procedural component of this Law, as well as many other legislative acts, which enshrine the relationship of constitutional and legal responsibility, is a significant shortcoming of native constitutional law. After all, the functionality and effectiveness of constitutional and legal responsibility in general, and such a subject of constitutional law as the President, depends not only on a proper understanding of its essential and substantive characteristics, but also primarily the quality of procedural and procedural support for its application.

Cybersecurity of space activities and the possibility of ensuring it by means of international law

The article deals with general theoretical and constitutional-legal issues of the formation and implementation of the constitutional-legal responsibility of the President of Ukraine. The relationship between the institution of constitutional and legal responsibility of the President of Ukraine and the problems of implementation of the Constitution and constitutional legislation, the formation of constitutionalism and the implementation of constitutional reform in Ukraine is investigated. The article analyzes modern legislative initiatives in the field of regulation of the institution of impeachment of the President of Ukraine. It is concluded that the correct understanding of the essential and functional-teleological characteristics of the constitutional and legal responsibility of the President of Ukraine depends on its functionality and efficiency. In general, positively assessing the adoption of a special Law of Ukraine "On the special procedure for removal of the President of Ukraine from office (impeachment)", we can conclude that it legalized for the first time at the legislative level the institution of constitutional and legal responsibility (by defining the concept of constitutional responsibility) and some legal features, principles, functions, features of the subject-object composition, revealing its essence and content as a type of legal responsibility, purpose in society and the state, as well as its place in the system of protection of the Constitution and constitutional order. On the other hand, attention should be paid to the overly complicated impeachment procedure, which in fact makes it impossible to implement the appropriate form of constitutional liability in practice. The procedural component of this Law, as well as many other legislative acts, which enshrine the relationship of constitutional and legal responsibility, is a significant shortcoming of native constitutional law. After all, the functionality and effectiveness of constitutional and legal responsibility in general, and such a subject of constitutional law as the President, depends not only on a proper understanding of its essential and substantive characteristics, but also primarily the quality of procedural and procedural support for its application.

Taming the Merge Operator

Calculi with disjoint intersection types support a symmetric merge operator with subtyping. The merge operator generalizes record concatenation to any type, enabling expressive forms of object composition, and simple solutions to hard modularity problems. Unfortunately, recent calculi with disjoint intersection types and the merge operator lack a (direct) operational semantics with expected properties such as determinism and subject reduction, and only account for terminating programs. This paper proposes a type-directed operational semantics (TDOS) for calculi with intersection types and a merge operator. We study two variants of calculi in the literature. The first calculus, called λ i , is a variant of a calculus presented by Oliveira et al. (2016) and closely related to another calculus by Dunfield (2014). Although Dunfield proposes a direct small-step semantics for her calculus, her semantics lacks both determinism and subject reduction. Using our TDOS, we obtain a direct semantics for λ i that has both properties. The second calculus, called λ i + , employs the well-known subtyping relation of Barendregt, Coppo and Dezani-Ciancaglini (BCD). Therefore, λ i + extends the more basic subtyping relation of λ i , and also adds support for record types and nested composition (which enables recursive composition of merged components). To fully obtain determinism, both λ i and λ i + employ a disjointness restriction proposed in the original λ i calculus. As an added benefit the TDOS approach deals with recursion in a straightforward way, unlike previous calculi with disjoint intersection types where recursion is problematic. We relate the static and dynamic semantics of λ i to the original version of the calculus and the calculus by Dunfield. Furthermore, for λ i + , we show a novel formulation of BCD subtyping, which is algorithmic, has a very simple proof of transitivity and allows for the modular addition of distributivity rules (i.e. without affecting other rules of subtyping). All results have been fully formalized in the Coq theorem prover.